Beli 4-Sisi Planer + Multi-Gergaji bekas (66.463)

Kondisi: baik (bekas), - Multi-rip saw Gabbiani SA 300 - produksi Italia Laedpfxjhcwrke Ah Tsc SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS: lebar potong: 300 mm daya motor: 40 kW tinggi potong: 100 mm kecepatan umpan dapat diatur secara kontinu rentang kecepatan umpan: 8–56 m/menit diameter mata potong: 300 mm diameter spindle: 50 mm diameter bushing: 70 mm 3 rol penekan atas panjang minimum material: 700 mm ukuran meja: 1750 x 700 mm tiga baris stopper balik ketinggian dari dasar: 740 mm diameter konektor: 2 x 150 mm dimensi (panjang/lebar/tinggi): 270 / 170 / 160 cm

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7890 Technical specifications: - Track width: 245 mm - Shaft width for edger: 380 mm - Shaft width for multirip saw: 320 mm - Max blade diameter: 350 mm - Blade bore diameter for edger: 80 mm - Blade bore diameter for multirip saw: 65 mm Laodsy Rtbispfx Ah Tec - Max cutting height: 120 mm - Table width with clearance: 900 mm - Table length: 1780 mm – From above: - Pawls/kickback devices - Smooth pressure roller - Pawls - Smooth pressure roller - Insert for short workpieces - Saw shaft - 2 smooth pressure rollers – From below: - Guide rail - Pawls/kickback devices - Track system - Central lubrication - Laser - Stepless feed speed adjustment - Feed motor: 1.1 kW - Main motor: 30 kW - Manual body lifting - Manual saw shaft lifting - Extraction port diameter: 210 mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1900 x 1500 x 1800 mm - Weight approx.: 2000 kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Germany – Infinitely variable feed speed – Shaft with floating blade for edging – Multirip saw bush included – Laser – Insert for short workpieces – Used multirip saw, in very good condition Net price: 55,900 PLN Net price: 13,300 EUR (depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 6765 TECHNICAL DATA Lodpfxey Rzgyo Ah Tsac - Maximum workpiece width: 230 mm - Maximum workpiece height: 160 mm Number of spindles: 4 1) Lower horizontal spindle 230 mm, 5.5 kW 2) Right vertical spindle 160 mm, 5.5 kW 3) Left vertical spindle 160 mm – electrically adjustable left/right from control panel, 5.5 kW 4) Upper horizontal spindle 230 mm – electrically adjustable up/down from control panel, 7.5 kW - All spindles adjustable up/down and left/right - Spindle diameter: 40 mm From above: - Infeed driven gear rollers: 6 pcs (including 2 double rollers) - Outfeed driven rubber rollers: 2 pcs From below: - Infeed driven gear metal roller, swiveling, mounted in the lower table + - Outfeed driven smooth metal roller - Pneumatically adjustable rollers - Length of infeed table (with pneumatic feeder): 3390 mm - Possibility to operate without engaging the pneumatic feeder, height-adjustable table - Central lubrication - Electric thickness adjustment - Infinitely variable feed speed - Feed on Cardan shafts - Feed motor: 4 kW - Enclosed in a soundproof cabin - Extraction port diameter: 4 x 120 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 7000 x 1950 x 1700 mm - Weight: approx. 3000 kg - For wet and dry wood - Pneumatic feeder on infeed table - Used planer, in very good condition Net price: 83,900 PLN Net price: 19,980 EUR Net price calculated at exchange rate 4.2 PLN/EUR (Price subject to change in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 7715 Ledoy Ry Uiopfx Ah Tjac

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Stock No. 6368 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum workpiece width: 230 mm - Maximum workpiece height: 130 mm Lodpfx Ahoy N Agxj Teac 7 spindles: 1) Bottom horizontal 230 mm, 5.5 kW 2) Right vertical 130 mm, 5.5 kW 3) Left vertical 130 mm, 5.5 kW 4) Top horizontal 230 mm, 7.5 kW 5) Top horizontal 230 mm, 11 kW 6) Bottom horizontal 230 mm, 18.5 kW 7) Universal 230 mm, adjustable 360°, 5.5 kW - All spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - All spindles fitted with electric brake - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Spindles 4 and 5 with electric up/down adjustment - Top feed: 8 driven, swiveling metal feed rollers (incl. 2 double rollers) - Top outfeed: 4 driven rubber rollers - Top hold down: 2 pcs - Bottom: pawls - Bottom/side: 3 hold-downs - Bottom: 2 driven, smooth metal rollers - Bottom: 2 double driven rubber rollers - Rollers pneumatically loaded - Feeding on Cardan shafts - Variable feed speed: 5–36 m/min - Feed motor: 4 kW - Electric thickness adjustment: 0.75 kW - Infeed table length: 1980 mm - Fully enclosed - Central table lubrication - Extraction port diameters: 5x120 mm, 2x150 mm - Dimensions (LxWxH): 5500x1840x1900 mm - Weight: approx. 5000 kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Italy – 7-head configuration – Suitable for wet and dry wood – Last spindle is universal – Not repainted – Used planer in very good condition Net price: 136,900 PLN Net price: 32,600 EUR (subject to 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), CATALOG NUMBER 6575 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum working width: 230 mm - Maximum working height: 170 mm - 7 spindles: 1) Bottom horizontal: 230 mm, 11 kW 2) Right vertical: 170 mm 3) Left vertical: 170 mm (spindles 2 and 3), 11 kW 4) Right horizontal: 170 mm, 5.5 kW 5) Top horizontal: 230 mm, 11 kW 6) Bottom horizontal: 230 mm, 7.5 kW 7) Universal: 230 mm, adjustable at 360°, 7.5 kW - All spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - Spindles 3 and 5 electrically adjustable - ATS - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Electric brakes - 4 top infeed driving rollers, toothed, incl. 1 twin roller - Top twin rubber infeed driving roller - Top twin rubber outfeed driving roller - 2 bottom metal, smooth driving rollers - Bottom twin rubber driving roller - Feed via Cardan shafts - Pneumatically pressed rollers - Stepless feed speed adjustment: 6-24 m/min - Feed motor: 5.5 kW - Electric adjustment of planing thickness - Lifting motor: 0.55 kW - Centralized table lubrication - Extraction port diameter: 7x140 mm - Dimensions (LxWxH): 5800x2050x1850 mm - Approximate weight: 4500 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made, WEINIG brand Ljdsy Rzamopfx Ah Toac – 7 heads – Universal spindle – With ATS – For wet and dry wood – Used planer, in very good condition Net price: 146,900 PLN Net price: 34,980 EUR Net price calculated at the rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (in case of major exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), CATALOG NUMBER 7964 TECHNICAL DATA - max width of workpiece: 630 mm - max thickness of workpiece: 250 mm - from the top: - toothed feed roller - kickback fingers - pressure bar - two toothed feed rollers - pressure bar - four-knife planer shaft, 630 mm, 15 kW Ledpfxszfi E Ro Ah Toac - pressure bar - smooth feed roller - from the bottom: - adjustable infeed table - toothed feed roller - four-knife planer shaft, 630 mm, 7.5 kW - two height-adjustable feed rollers in the lower table - electric height adjustment - lifting motor 0.65 kW - 6 feed speed options - feed motor 4 kW - extraction port diameter 2x160 mm - dimensions L/W/H 1780x1850x1700 mm - weight approx. 3000 kg ADVANTAGES – German production, KUPFERMUHLE brand – very good condition – used planer Net price: 37,900 PLN Net price: 9,024 EUR based on an exchange rate of 4.20 EUR (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 7663 DATA TEKNIS - Lebar maksimal penyerutan: 510mm - Tinggi maksimal penyerutan: 200mm Bagian atas: - Pengunci balik (zapadki) - Poros penarik bergigi - Penekan, 2 baris - Poros masukan penarik, bergigi - Penekan - Poros penyerut 510mm, 4 pisau, motor 7,5kW - Penekan - Poros penarik keluar, halus - Penekan pada keluaran, 2 buah Ledpezfiwyofx Ah Toac - Poros penarik halus Bagian bawah: - Penekan - Meja masukan dapat diatur + rol geser - Poros penyerut 510mm, 4 pisau, motor 5,5kW - 2 poros geser, halus - Penekan samping Bagian belakang: - Spindel samping 1) Vertikal kanan 140mm 4kW 2) Vertikal kiri 140mm 4kW - Diameter spindel: 40mm - Terpasang kepala 4 pisau dengan tinggi 120mm - Spindel dapat diatur naik/turun, kanan/kiri - Pengaturan kecepatan feeding stepless - Pengangkatan meja secara elektrik - Diameter konektor ekstraksi: 3x150mm, 1x110mm - Dimensi (P x L x T): 2300x1700x1700mm - Berat: 2200kg KEUNGGULAN - Ideal untuk pengolahan lantai - Pengangkatan meja secara elektrik - Produksi Republik Ceko - Mesin serut bekas, kondisi sangat baik Harga netto: 36.900 PLN Harga netto: 8.786 EUR tergantung kurs 4,20 EUR (Harga dapat berubah tergantung fluktuasi nilai tukar)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 7901 Lodpfx Ahey S Aaks Tsac

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 7915 DATA TEKNIS Ledpsy S Af Tjfx Ah Toac lebar poros: 640 mm jumlah pisau: 4 buah ketebalan maksimum elemen yang dikerjakan: 200 mm – dari atas: ratchet/anti-backlash poros pengumpan bergerigi, penarik penekan poros planer penekan poros keluaran halus, penarik – dari bawah: rol yang dapat diatur di meja bawah: 2 buah motor: 7 kW pengaturan kecepatan feeding secara stepless dimensi (panj/lebar/tinggi): 1800 x 1250 x 1150 mm berat: 1250 kg KEUNGGULAN – buatan Bulgaria – pengaturan kecepatan feeding yang stepless – mesin planer thickness bekas, kondisi sangat baik Harga netto: 9500 PLN Harga netto: 2260 EUR sesuai kurs 4,2 EUR (Harga dapat berubah mengikuti fluktuasi nilai tukar)

Kondisi: bekas, Jumlah spindle: 7 unit Lebar kerja: 230 mm Tinggi serut: 160 mm Automatic planer dan profiling Weinig tipe Unimat 23 untuk penyerutan dan pemprofilan kayu empat sisi dengan lima rol penggerak di meja dan spindle universal. Lasdpfxjzf Nr Rs Ah Tec Spindle 1: bawah / 5,5 kW / 40 mm Spindle 2: kanan / 5,5 kW / 40 mm Spindle 3: kiri / 11 kW / 40 mm Spindle 4: kanan / 7,5 kW / 40 mm Spindle 5: atas / 11 kW / 40 mm Spindle 6: bawah / 5,5 kW / 40 mm Spindle 7: universal / 5,5 kW / 40 mm

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1980, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, REX HOMS-310-K Four-Side Planer Year of manufacture: 1980 Lasdpfxewfqh Aj Ah Tsc Serial number: 18.568 Power: 91.69 kW Not in use since 2021. The machine has been stored in an enclosed production facility throughout its life and is fully operational. After purchase, the electrical wiring was replaced with new ones. We assess the technical condition as very good – there are visible signs of use, but technically everything functions correctly. The reason for sale is the termination of laminated timber production. Maximum working width: 305 mm Minimum working width: 50 mm Maximum workpiece height (machining 2 sides): 310 mm Maximum workpiece height (machining 4 sides): 160 mm Minimum workpiece height: 17 mm Driven top and bottom feed rollers

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2020, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 20355010, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, ketinggian potong (maks.): 135 mm, lebar pemotongan (maks.): 350 mm, diameter mata gergaji: 405 mm, kecepatan spindel (maks.): 3.800 rpm, lebar meja: 780 mm, Tanpa harga minimum – penjualan dijamin kepada penawar tertinggi! RINCIAN TEKNIS Lebar potong maks.: 350 mm Tinggi pemotongan maks.: 135 mm Diameter mata gergaji min.: 250 mm Diameter mata gergaji maks.: 405 mm Diameter lubang bor mata gergaji: 55 mm Lasdszdz Riopfx Ah Tsc Panjang benda kerja min.: 650 mm Kecepatan spindle maks.: 3.800 rpm Lebar meja: 780 mm Kecepatan pengumpanan min.: 7,5 m/menit Kecepatan pengumpanan maks.: 30 m/menit RINCIAN MESIN Daya motor konveyor: 1,5 kW Lebar konveyor: 355 mm Tegangan: 400 V Sekering: 63 A Dimensi & Berat Dimensi (P x L x T): 2.400 x 1.700 x 1.700 mm Berat: 1.500 kg Paket pengiriman: 1

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 8017 SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS: - Lebar track 335mm - Lebar poros 400mm - Diameter maksimum mata gergaji 350mm - Diameter lubang mata gergaji 80mm - Ketinggian maksimum pemotongan 120mm - Lebar meja kerja dengan celah 700mm - Panjang meja kerja 1720mm Dari atas: - Penolak/pengunci balik - Rol penekan slip, logam - Penolak/pengunci balik - Rol penekan slip, logam - Poros dengan gergaji - Poros slip logam penekan, 2 unit Dari bawah: - Rel pemandu pneumatik - Rol slip logam - Penolak/pengunci balik - Track (rantai) - Rol slip logam keluar Lsdpfszcwzpox Ah Teac - Pengangkatan bodi elektrik 0,35kW - Pengangkatan poros dengan gergaji manual - Pelumasan sentral - Pengaturan kecepatan feed kontinu 1,5kW - Motor utama 30kW - Laser 3 unit - Mata gergaji floating - Lengan tambahan untuk multi saw - Pembersihan mata gergaji - Diameter connector buangan 260mm - Dimensi total P x L x T: 2300x2000x2150mm - Berat sekitar 3000kg KEUNGGULAN: – Buatan Jerman – Mata gergaji floating – Laser 3 unit – Pembersihan mata gergaji – Lengan tambahan untuk multi saw – Rel pemandu pneumatik – Pengaturan kecepatan kontinu – Multi saw bekas, kondisi sangat baik Harga netto: 136.900 PLN Harga netto: 32.595 EUR (dengan kurs 4,20 EUR) (Harga dapat berubah sesuai fluktuasi pasar)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2012, WALTER WD 250/350 Spindle Multi-blade Saw 30 and 37 kW – Manufactured in Poland – Year of manufacture: 2012 – Technical documentation (DTR) and CE certified TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Cutting height: 170 mm Cutting width: 350 mm Laodpfx Asmv Elpeh Toc Spindle diameter: 2 x 70 mm Circular saw blade diameter: 300 mm Spindle motors: 30 kW and 37 kW Feed motor: 1.5 kW Seven lower feed rollers Two upper toothed feed rollers Infeed table length: 3000 mm Waste extraction nozzle diameter (below the machine): 2 x 200 mm Dimensions (L/W/H): 320 / 200 / 200 cm Weight: 2000 kg

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Nomor katalog 7734 DATA TEKNIS - lebar poros: 630 mm - ketebalan maksimum benda kerja: 230 mm - poros planer dengan 4 pisau * dari atas: - ratchet pengaman - poros pengumpan bergerigi - penekan - poros planer - penekan - 2 poros pendorong halus * dari bawah: - rol bawah yang dapat diatur pada meja bawah - motor sekitar 7,5 kW - pengaturan kecepatan feeding tanpa langkah - diameter nozzle hisap: 145 mm - dimensi panjang/lebar/tinggi: 1250x1300x1300 mm - berat: 908 kg KEUNGGULAN – produksi Italia – kondisi sangat baik – mesin tebal bekas Harga netto: 19.900 PLN Harga netto: 4.738 EUR (berdasarkan kurs 4,2 EUR) Lasdpozcmx Dsfx Ah Tjc (Harga dapat berubah mengikuti fluktuasi yang lebih tinggi)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 7878 Lsdpfxezcmpij Ah Tsac

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Mesin multi-gergaji Raimann ProfiRip KM310M Lebar rantai 330mm Jarak maksimal antar pisau 310mm Tinggi potong maksimum dengan pisau bergerak (dengan tekanan) 90mm Tinggi potong maksimum dengan pisau bergerak (tanpa tekanan) 105mm Ukuran pisau maks/min 300/250mm Laedpfx Ahszcdlho Toc Lebar lintasan hingga 800mm Motor utama 22kW Kecepatan umpan hingga 35m/menit Pengembalian material ke operator

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 6946 Lsdpfezcdz Aox Ah Tjac

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), pl-hu-001 Lodpfx Aszcc Rcsh Toac

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), catalog no. 7318 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum cutting height: 140 mm - Maximum element width: 700 mm - Working width of the saw shaft: 650 mm - Maximum saw blade diameter: 400 mm - Blade bore diameter: 70 mm From above: - Anti-kickback fingers - 2 driven, toothed feed rollers From below: - Anti-kickback fingers - 2 driven, smooth feed rollers - Saw shaft - Ribbed feed roller - Continuously variable feed speed control via inverter - Feed motor: 4.4 kW - Main motor: 30 kW - Machine dimensions (LxWxH): 2500 x 1400 x 1900 mm - Weight: approx. 2500 kg – Manufactured in Poland – Used machine, condition: very good Net price: 36,900 PLN Net price: 8,790 EUR (based on 4.2 PLN/EUR; price may fluctuate) Ledpfx Aozcc E Hsh Toac * The company MAR-MASZ guarantees the quality of your purchase but is not an authorized representative of the manufacturer. All trademarks and names are used solely for informational purposes to allow product identification. We only resell goods previously released on the market by the manufacturer. We have no business relationship with the manufacturer.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), CATALOG NO. 6950 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum workpiece width: 220 mm - Maximum workpiece height: 130 mm – 4 spindles: 1) bottom horizontal 220 mm, 5.5 kW Lodpfezcc Axsx Ah Teac 2) right vertical 130 mm 3) left vertical 130 mm; (spindles 2 and 3) 5.5 kW 4) top horizontal 220 mm, 5.5 kW - 4 spindles electrically adjustable up/down - all spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - spindle diameter: 40 mm - 4 overhead, toothed infeed rollers, including 1 double roller - 1 overhead double outfeed roller, rubber-coated - lower outfeed roller, rubber-coated - feed system via Cardan shaft - stepless feed speed adjustment: 6–22 m/min - feed motor: 2.2 kW - lifting motor: 0.55 kW - electric thickness adjustment - infeed table length: 1970 mm - central lubrication - extraction outlet diameter: 3x120 mm, 140 mm - enclosed in safety cabin - dimensions (LxWxH): 3350 x 1400 x 1400 mm - weight: 1700 kg – German manufacture – not repainted – used planer, very good condition Net price: 33,900 PLN Net price: 8,070 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR (in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 7706 Ledpfx Aezccz Ish Toac TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum workpiece width: 220 mm - Maximum workpiece height: 120 mm – 5 spindles: 1) Bottom horizontal 220 mm 4 kW 2) Right vertical 120 mm 3) Left vertical 120 mm; 2 and 3: 7.5 kW 4) Top horizontal 220 mm 5.5 kW 5) Bottom horizontal 220 mm 4 kW - All spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Pneumatic pressure rollers - Top: 4 toothed, powered feed rollers (one dual roller) - Top: smooth rubber outfeed roller - Bottom: rubber outfeed feed roller - Feed on cardan shafts - Infinitely variable feed speed: 6-36 m/min - Feed motor: 2.2 kW - Lifting motor: 0.25 kW - With brake - Electric planing thickness adjustment - Central table lubrication - Infeed table length: 1970 mm - Extraction port diameter: 4 x 120 mm, 140 mm - Dimensions (LxWxH): 3450x1600x1450 mm - Weight: 1112 kg Net price: 39,900 PLN Net price: 9,500 EUR depending on exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Catalog number 7894 TECHNICAL DATA - min / max width of workpiece: 20 / 165 mm - min / max height of workpiece: 8 / 100 mm 4 spindles: 1) bottom horizontal 165 mm, 4 kW 2) right vertical 100 mm, 4 kW 3) left vertical 100 mm, 4 kW 4) top horizontal 165 mm, 5.5 kW - all heads adjustable vertically and horizontally - spindle diameter: 40 mm – from above: - 6 infeed traction rollers, toothed (including 3 double rollers) - 2 outfeed traction rollers, rubber and smooth Lsdpezccqcofx Ah Tjac – from below: - side pressure rollers before and after the roller on the lower table - toothed, traction, swivelling infeed roller on the lower table before the first spindle - 2 side pressure rollers - metal, smooth, powered outfeed roller - all rollers pneumatically loaded - length of infeed table: 1770 mm - table adjustable vertically - central lubrication - electric thickness setting - lifting motor: 0.75 kW - stepless feed speed control - feed motor: 3 kW - feed via Cardan shafts - enclosed within a sound-insulated cabin - extraction port diameters: 4 x 130 mm - dimensions (L x W x H): 3200 x 1700 x 1850 mm - weight: 2800 kg ADVANTAGES – equipped with 4 cutterheads – ideal for processing wet and dry wood – toothed, traction, swivelling infeed roller on lower table before the first spindle – original DTR operator’s manual + CE certificate – machine used, in excellent condition Net price: 49,900 PLN Net price: 11,880 EUR (exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may fluctuate with significant exchange rate changes)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 7219 TECHNICAL DATA - max working width: 200 mm - max working height: 150 mm Number of spindles: 4: 1) Bottom horizontal, 200 mm, 5.5 kW 2) Right vertical, 150 mm, 4 kW 3) Left vertical, 150 mm, 4 kW 4) Top horizontal, 200 mm, 5.5 kW - All heads adjustable up/down, right/left - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Spindle speed: 6,000 rpm From above: - 6 feed-in gear rollers, including 2 double - 1 double exit feed rubber roller From below: - Feed-in gear roller, driven, swivel-mounted in lower table - 3 side pressure units - Exit feed roller, metal, smooth - All pressure rollers pneumatically actuated - Length of infeed table: 2,130 mm - Height-adjustable table - Central lubrication - Electric thickness adjustment - Lifting motor: 1.1 kW - Variable feed speed adjustment - Feed motor: 3 kW - Feed on Cardan shafts - Enclosed in cabin - Extraction port diameters: 4 x 130 mm - Dimensions (L x W x H): 3,650 x 1,750 x 1,800 mm - Weight: approx. 3,000 kg Laedpezccn Ijfx Ah Toc ADVANTAGES – 4-head configuration – Ideal for wet and dry wood – Technical documentation (DTR) – Used machine, in very good condition Net price: 68,900 PLN Net price: 16,400 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (price subject to change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)