Beli Szim Msn-500 bekas (15.823)

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1995, Mesin Gerinda Datar Produsen: Jung Tipe: JA 500 CNC-C Tahun Pembuatan: 1995 Direkondisi: 2003 Panjang Gerinda: 500 mm Lebar Gerinda: 200 mm Tinggi benda kerja maks.: 250 mm Dimensi meja X/Y: 600 mm / 200 mm Diameter batu gerinda: 225 mm Lebar batu gerinda: 25 mm Lubang batu gerinda: 51 mm Kecepatan putaran: 4.200 rpm Berat mesin: sekitar 2.500 kg Nodpfxewp E Rgs Alkjwf

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, kapasitas angkut: 500 kg, 3-axis turning and positioning units, available with load capacities of 500, 1000, 2000, or 3000 kg; faceplate diameters of 0.5, 0.65, 0.8, or 1.0 meter. HDL 500: Minimum height: 1000 mm Maximum height: 1500 mm Faceplate diameter: 500 mm Arm reach: 800 mm Rotational speed: 0.1 – 1 rpm Proven in construction and agricultural machinery, commercial vehicles, industrial trucks, as well as in the aerospace and energy sectors. Suitable for welding, assembly, machining, and more. Featuring a stable and robust construction, flexible 3-axis positioning—including overhead operations—and ease of operation, these units significantly facilitate welding, assembly, and handling of large workpieces. - Faster production, increased productivity - Optimal workpiece positioning enhances weld quality and allows higher deposition rates - Improved safety: hazardous crane handling significantly reduced - Simultaneous three-axis positioning without complex reclamping - Simple operation and ergonomic design protect and relieve the operator - Flexibility through modular configuration and custom solutions possible Core operating principle: By positioning the arm rotation axis above the clamping plate, the support arm acts as a counterweight to the workpiece. Accordingly, these units are substantially more powerful than tilt-turn tables or tilt-turn positioners. This principle allows handling of the specified loads in any position. Thanks to the endless rotation of the two rotation axes and adjustable height, all workpiece positions—including overhead—are possible. Rotary table speed continuously adjustable: 0.1 – 1.0 rpm (from 2000 kg load capacity: 0.05 – 0.6 rpm) With wireless remote control Rotation range: 360° continuous Tilting range: 360° continuous Stroke: 1000 – 1500 mm, from 2-ton capacity: 1250 – 2000 mm Njdpsulaxbsfx Alkowf Arm outreach up to 1000 kg: 1 meter; from 2000 kg: 1.5 meters.

Kondisi: baru, panjang total: 5.000 mm, lebar total: 4.250 mm, 21.25 m² mezzanine platform, top edge 300 cm, 500 kg/m² load capacity, immediately available from stock, accessible with pallet truck, modular system mezzanine, steel platform, storage level Specifications: - Length: 5,000 mm - Width: 4,250 mm - Size can be extended on request - Clear height beneath the platform: 2,612 mm - Column grid: 4,605 x 3,850 mm - Floor covering overhang: additional 200 mm - Columns, bracing & knee braces powder-coated in RAL 7016 - Main & secondary beams galvanized - Decking: 38 mm chipboard P6, top side natural & underside white - New goods from stock Wietmarschen - IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE The mezzanine platform consists of: - 4 x columns - 2 x main beams C+350 - 6 x secondary beams S+260 - 1 x cross brace - 2 x knee braces - 10 x chipboard panels - Incl. connection materials & bolts -- IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE IN MULTIPLE UNITS -- Price: €2,590.00 net €3,082.10 gross You will receive an invoice with VAT shown separately. Transport: Delivery is possible on request via our partner freight forwarder, costs depend on your postcode. Assembly: Our trained staff are available to support you with professional assembly and disassembly of your warehouse equipment if required. Our recommendation: Let us know your requirements... We are happy to assist you from planning and ordering to installation. Nsdpfx Ajy Hi Haelkjwf Are you interested or have questions? Contact us via message or call. You can find our telephone number on our company page. ☎️ You can reach us by phone Monday to Friday, 08:00 - 15:00. Alternatively, send us a message with your name and number, and we will get back to you as soon as possible.

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2010, de-hu-001 Nedeyq S Duopfx Alkowf

Kondisi: baru, Double-Sided Cantilever Rack, New Specifications: - Height: approx. 400 cm - Width: approx. 256 cm - Length: approx. 18.45 linear meters - Cantilever arms: approx. 120 cm - Axle distance: approx. 131 cm - New stock direct from factory - Double-sided - 500 kg load capacity per arm - 2250 kg load capacity per upright - Uprights hot-dip galvanized - Cantilever arms hot-dip galvanized - Arms bolted - Arms adjustable in 200 mm increments - Levels: base + 4 storage levels (5 storage levels total) - Delivery time approx. 4 weeks Rack includes: - 15 x double-sided uprights, incl. base, approx. 400 cm made from IPE160 - 120 x cantilever arms, approx. 120 cm, made from IPE80, without deflectors - Includes all necessary connectors and bolts Why BLT cantilever racking? - Certified German manufacturer per DIN EN 1090 – Made in Germany - All specified load capacities of the rack uprights and arms are statically verifiable at 100% load - All racking units are supplied in hot-dip galvanized finish, suitable for both indoor and outdoor installation, and resistant to rusting unlike painted systems. Consistent appearance for many years - We use legally required hot-dip galvanized bolt sets in accordance with DIN EN 15048-1 - Long-term availability of replacement parts guaranteed - Upright base and back are welded together for extra safety and reduced assembly times (no need to bolt base and back together) - Bracing made from angle steel eliminates the need for turnbuckles, thereby reducing assembly time - No slotted hole system, thus no weakening of the upright profile Price: €12,450 net, plus applicable VAT. Njdoy Hiukopfx Alkjwf You will receive an invoice with VAT shown separately. Transport: Delivery can be arranged by our logistics partner upon request. Costs depend on the destination postal code. Assembly: Our trained staff are happy to assist with professional installation and dismantling of your warehouse equipment as needed. Our recommendation: Let us know your requirements... We are happy to help you realize your projects, from planning and ordering to final assembly.

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2022, Cantilever racking NEW Specifications: - Height: approx. 300 cm - Depth: approx. 137 cm - Length: approx. 402 cm - Cantilever arms: approx. 120 cm - Axle spacing: 131 cm - NEW immediately available from stock. - Load capacity: 500 kg per arm - Load capacity: 2250 kg per upright - Uprights hot-dip galvanized. - Cantilever arms hot-dip galvanized. - Arms are bolted. - Arms adjustable in 100 mm increments. - Levels: base + 3 storage levels (4 storage levels in total) Racking system consists of: - 04 x uprights, including base, approx. 300 cm from IPE160 - 12 x cantilever arms, approx. 120 cm from IPE 80 - Including all necessary connecting elements and bolts. Why choose BLT cantilever racking? - Certified German manufacturer DIN EN 1090 – Made in Germany - All specified load capacities of uprights and cantilever arms are statically verifiable at 100% load. - All racking systems are supplied in hot-dip galvanized finish. Suitable for both indoor and outdoor use; unlike painted systems, they do not rust. Consistent appearance for many years. - We use legally required hot-dip galvanized bolt sets according to DIN EN 15048-1. - Long-term repurchase guarantee. - Upright base and upright back are welded together for additional safety and reduced installation times, as feet do not need to be bolted to the upright back. Nodsy Hir Nepfx Alkswf - Bracing made from angle steel, eliminating the need for turnbuckle tensioning. This reduces assembly time. - No slotted hole system, thus no weakening of the upright profile. Price: €2,265.00 net + legally applicable VAT. You will receive an invoice with VAT shown separately. Transport: Delivery available on request by our partner carrier; costs depend on postcode. Assembly: Our trained staff are available to professionally assemble or dismantle your facility upon request. Our recommendation: Let us know your requirements... We are happy to assist you with your projects, from planning to ordering and assembly.

Kondisi: baru, The double-sided cantilever racking system from BLT, with a height of 315 cm, is ideally suited for the storage of medium-weight long goods such as profiles, pipes, and rods in the warehouse, workshop, or craft business. With an approximate shelf length of 5.12 m, a usable depth of around 80 cm, and a total of 5 levels per side including the base level, this cantilever rack provides clear and easily accessible storage locations for long and bulky goods on both sides. Each cantilever arm can bear up to 500 kg, with each upright carrying up to 1800 kg per side. The bolted cantilever arms with impact guards ensure robust, practical use in everyday operations. Made in Germany – Freight within Germany already included, plus VAT. Product details: - Rack type: Double-sided cantilever rack - Height: approx. 315 cm - Length: approx. 5.12 m - Total depth: approx. 174 cm - Bay width: approx. 128 cm - Cantilever arms: approx. 80 cm usable length (IPE80) - Usable depth of base level: approx. 80 cm - Load per arm: max. 500 kg (with evenly distributed load) - Load per upright: max. 1800 kg per side (without base level, with evenly distributed load) - Levels per side: base + 4 storage levels (5 levels per side in total) - Design: Double-sided, bolted cantilever arms with impact guard - Upright profile: IPE140 - Cantilever arm profile: IPE80 - Colour finish: RAL 7016 - Manufacture: Made in Germany - Delivery: Freight within Germany included, plus VAT Scope of delivery: - 5 × uprights made from IPE140, height approx. 3150 mm - 40 × cantilever arms approx. 80 cm long, made from IPE80 - Incl. fastening materials - Incl. heavy-duty anchors for floor fixing Advantages of the BLT cantilever rack: - Ideal for storing medium-weight profiles, pipes, and bars - Double-sided design provides usable and easily accessible storage on both sides - Bolted cantilever arms with impact guard - 5 levels per side including base level for optimal use of storage capacity - Up to 500 kg load capacity per arm and up to 1800 kg per upright per side - Secure floor anchoring with supplied heavy-duty anchors - Made in Germany - Freight within Germany already included Delivery: - Freight within Germany already included - Delivery includes fastening materials - Secure floor anchoring with supplied heavy-duty anchors Enquiries & custom planning: Take advantage of our personal consultation service for your bespoke storage solution. Let us know your required dimensions, types of goods to be stored, and available space. Our experienced professional consultants will be happy to provide you with a non-binding offer including tailor-made planning and structural calculation for your custom cantilever rack system. Nwjdpjy Hirpjfx Alkof Use our enquiry list or contact us directly by phone. Together, we will plan your bespoke racking solution.

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2022, Cantilever Racking NEW STOCK Specifications: - Height: approx. 400 cm - Depth: approx. 137 cm - Length: approx. 402 cm - Cantilever arms: approx. 120 cm - Axle spacing: 131 cm - NEW STOCK available immediately from warehouse - 500 kg load capacity per arm Nwsdpfx Aloy Hiriokjf - 2,250 kg load capacity per upright - Uprights hot-dip galvanized - Cantilever arms hot-dip galvanized - Arms are bolted - Arms adjustable in 200 mm increments - Levels: base + 3 storage levels (4 storage levels total) Racking consists of: - 04 x uprights incl. base, approx. 400 cm, made from IPE160 - 12 x cantilever arms, approx. 120 cm, made from IPE 80 - Incl. all necessary connectors and bolts Why choose BLT cantilever racking? - Certified German manufacturer to DIN EN 1090 – Made in Germany - All stated load capacities for frames and arms are statically verified at 100% load - All racking systems are supplied as hot-dip galvanized units, suitable for indoor and outdoor use without rusting like painted systems. Consistent appearance for many years - We use legally required hot-dip galvanized bolt sets as per DIN EN 15048-1 - Long-term availability guarantee for replacements - Base plates and rear uprights are welded together for added safety and reduced assembly time—bases do not need to be bolted separately - Cross bracing made of angle steel, so no tensioning devices or turnbuckles are necessary, reducing assembly time - No slotted hole system, so the upright profile strength is not compromised Price: €2,462.00 net + statutory VAT You will receive an invoice with VAT shown. Transport: Delivery can be arranged upon request by our partner carrier; costs are dependent on postcode. Assembly: Our trained staff are available to assist with professional assembly and disassembly of your workplace equipment if required. Our recommendation: Let us know your requirements... We are happy to assist with your projects, from planning and ordering through to installation.

Kondisi: seperti baru (mesin pameran), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, This single-sided heavy-duty cantilever rack is ideally suited for storing heavy long goods such as pipes, profiles, metal bars, steel beams, wooden slats, and panel materials. With an overall length of approx. 13.20 m, a height of approx. 4.00 m, and cantilever arms of approx. 120 cm, the rack offers high storage capacity across a total of 4 storage levels (base level + 3 additional levels). Each arm supports up to 500 kg, and each upright can handle up to 2,250 kg. The cantilever arms are bolted and height-adjustable in 200 mm increments thanks to a perforated upright grid. The fully hot-dip galvanized finish ensures long-lasting protection for both indoor and outdoor use – new stock available ex works Wietmarschen. PRODUCT DETAILS: - Rack type: Single-sided heavy-duty cantilever rack - Total rack length: approx. 13.20 m - Total height: approx. 400 cm - Arm length: approx. 120 cm (made from IPE 80) - Upright spacing: approx. 131 cm - Levels: Base level + 3 storage levels - Load capacity per arm: max. 500 kg (with uniform load distribution) - Load capacity per upright: max. 2,250 kg (with uniform load distribution) - Upright profile: IPE 160, approx. 400 cm, incl. base - Upright perforation grid: approx. 20 cm - First hole above base: approx. 107.5 cm (top of base) - Top hole pair: approx. 50 cm below upright head (top of upright) Nwjdpfx Aoy Hii Uslksf - Design: single-sided, bolted arms - Surface: fully hot-dip galvanized - Availability: New / Grade 2 (returns) in stock at Wietmarschen SCOPE OF DELIVERY: - 11 x uprights, approx. 400 cm made of IPE 160, incl. base, 20 cm perforation grid - 33 x cantilever arms, approx. 120 cm made of IPE 80 (without end stops) - Includes all connecting elements - Includes all required bolts - 1 x load capacity sign Price: €5,660.00 net €6,735.40 gross You will receive an invoice with VAT shown separately. DELIVERY, ASSEMBLY & INSPECTION: - Nationwide delivery in Germany by our partner forwarding agents – freight costs depending on the postal code - Professional installation and removal by trained teams available on request - Rack inspections in accordance with DIN EN 15635 by certified inspectors - Inspection of existing heavy-duty racks from other manufacturers also possible PLANNING & CONSULTATION: Our planning department will be happy to provide a non-binding offer tailored to your specific requirements. Whether it's new installation, conversion, or expansion – we offer expert advice for your racking configuration. Haven't found the right solution yet? Visit our website for a quick overview of many offers and product versions! INTERESTED OR HAVE QUESTIONS? Contact us via message or phone call. You can find our phone number on our company page. We are available by phone Monday to Friday, 8:00 am – 4:00 pm. Alternatively, leave us a message with your name and number, and we will get in touch with you as soon as possible.

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1989, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 641/302, lebar total: 600 mm, panjang total: 800 mm, tinggi total: 1.300 mm, berat keseluruhan: 120 kg, ECKOLD SK 2911/HAE 500/2 Mesin Bentuk Tenaga - Tegangan operasi: 380 V - Frekuensi: 50 Hz - Arus terukur: 30 A - Daya terpasang: 8,1 kW Njdpfxsy Dcwyj Alkjwf Perhatian: Barang harus diambil secara pasti antara 07 dan 09.07.2026 pada tanggal yang masih harus disepakati. FCA D-71263 Weil der Stadt – dimuat ke truk.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Panjang pemotongan efektif: 4000 mm Diameter mata pisau: 500 mm Nsdpfxsy Ax R Hs Alkswf Kemiringan kepala secara pneumatik Kemiringan 90°/45-22,5° Sensor sentuh

Kondisi: baru, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, jenis bahan bakar: listrik, warna: lain, Tahun pembuatan: 2026, *Todos nuestros productos están fabricados con esmero y cuentan con una garantía de 1 año. *Instalación y capacitación para el operador SIN COSTO FABO fabrica e instala plantas fijas de trituración y cribado de piedra de acuerdo a los requerimientos del cliente. La capacidad de producción de nuestras plantas estacionarias varía de 100 a 1,000 toneladas por hora. Planta de Trituración y Cribado con capacidad de 500-600 toneladas/hora: - Tolva de alimentación (50 m3) - Alimentador wobbler de dos etapas 1400x5000 mm - Triturador de impacto primario PDK-150 - Criba vibratoria 1800x4800 mm - Triturador de impacto secundario DMK-03 - 6 tolvas de almacenamiento de 75 m3 - Tolva de 30 m3 para trituradora de eje vertical - Trituradora de eje vertical VSI-1000 con rotor abierto - Criba vibratoria horizontal 2200x6000x3 mm - Cintas transportadoras para almacenamiento y retorno - Cabina de control, tablero eléctrico y cables ¡PARA MÁS INFORMACIÓN NO DUDE EN LLAMARNOS! Nwodey Eb Rnjpfx Alkof

Kondisi: bekas, jarak tempuh: 777.000 km, daya: 368 kW (500,34 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 10/2017, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, berat keseluruhan: 26.000 kg, konfigurasi gandar: 3 gandar, inspeksi berikutnya (TÜV): 10/2026, rem: retarder, warna: biru, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, kelas emisi: Euro 6, Perlengkapan: ABS, pemanas parkir, pendingin udara, sistem navigasi,

Kondisi: bekas, jarak tempuh: 777.000 km, daya: 368 kW (500,34 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 10/2017, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, berat keseluruhan: 26.000 kg, konfigurasi gandar: 3 gandar, inspeksi berikutnya (TÜV): 10/2026, rem: retarder, warna: biru, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, kelas emisi: Euro 6, Perlengkapan: ABS, pemanas parkir, pendingin udara, sistem navigasi,

Kondisi: bekas, jarak tempuh: 753.000 km, daya: 368 kW (500,34 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 12/2016, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, konfigurasi gandar: 3 gandar, warna: putih, tipe perpindahan gigi: mekanis, kelas emisi: Euro 6, Tahun pembuatan: 2016,

Kondisi: baik (bekas), jarak tempuh: 438.220 km, pendaftaran pertama: 05/2022, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, ukuran ban: 315/70R22,5, konfigurasi gandar: 4x2, jarak roda: 3.800 mm, bahan bakar: diesel, warna: putih, kabin pengemudi: kabin tidur, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, jumlah gigi: 12, kelas emisi: Euro 6, suspensi: baja-udara, panjang total: 6.270 mm, lebar total: 2.550 mm, tinggi total: 3.860 mm, Tahun pembuatan: 2022, Perlengkapan: ABS, Bluetooth, kendali jelajah, kontrol traksi, kunci sentral, pemanas jok, pemanas parkir, pendingin udara, pendingin udara parkir, pengaturan jendela elektrik, spion elektrik,

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), TOOLTEMP unit pendingin dari produksi ruangan bersih injeksi plastik di bidang teknologi medis. Silakan lihat dokumen, di sana Anda akan menemukan semua informasi penting. Nwodpfoxdf Acox Alksf

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1985, Mesin bekas Tahun pembuatan: 1985 Perlengkapan dan data teknis: Nwjdpfxsykcyme Alkof - Lebar meja perata: 410 mm - Panjang meja perata: 2.650 mm - Poros pisau: 4x pisau strip - Motor: 3 kW - Penggaris perata dapat dimiringkan hingga 45° Mesin tidak memiliki rem motor dan hanya dapat dijual sebagai suku cadang! Ketersediaan: segera Lokasi: 63934 Röllbach

Kondisi: bekas, Heavy-duty cutting mill Nwsdpfx Ajy At Rnolkef Manufacturer: NETZSCH CONDUX Model: CS 500/600-4 Feed opening: approx. 600 x 600 mm Semi-open 5-knife rotor, 4 stator knives Drive motor: 75 kW

Kondisi: bekas, The Herbold fine mill PU 500 is suitable for fine grinding of plastics and soft to medium-hard materials. Nedpfx Aey At Hislkewf Drive power: 55 kW Grinding disc diameter: 500 mm Throughput capacity: approx. 200-800 kg/h depending on material and fineness.

Kondisi: bekas, CONDUX CS 500/600-II/III A Cutting Mill / Granulator Drive motor: 37 kW (upgradeable to 75 kW) Nwjdpfsy Atxlsx Alkef Rotor diameter: 500 mm Rotor width: 600 mm Feed opening: 500 x 600 mm 5 knives, angled cut Swing-open housing with 2 stationary knives.

Kondisi: bekas, jarak tempuh: 820.347 km, daya: 375 kW (509,86 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 12/2016, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, ukuran ban: 385/65R22,5, konfigurasi gandar: 8x2, jarak roda: 4.600 mm, bahan bakar: diesel, warna: putih, kabin pengemudi: kabin harian, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, jumlah gigi: 12, kelas emisi: Euro 6, suspensi: udara, panjang total: 8.400 mm, lebar total: 2.550 mm, tinggi total: 3.200 mm, Tahun pembuatan: 2016, Perlengkapan: ABS, Bluetooth, kendali jelajah, kontrol traksi, kopling trailer, kunci sentral, pemanas jok, pendingin udara, pengaturan jendela elektrik, spion elektrik,

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2009, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang sabuk konveyor: 1.500 mm, lebar sabuk konveyor: 300 mm, kecepatan sabuk konveyor: 3 mm/dtk, panjang total: 1.600 mm, lebar total: 600 mm, tinggi total: 1.100 mm, daya: 18 kW (24,47 hp), jenis arus masuk: Arus searah (DC), tegangan masuk: 400 V, frekuensi input: 50 Hz, For sale is a high-quality industrial incline conveyor belt from the renowned German manufacturer FRASCH. The unit is in excellent condition and, thanks to its integrated cleated belt, is ideally suited for transporting small parts or bulk materials to higher levels. Ready for immediate use: Plug & Play, complete with electrical connection. Safe transport: High side walls and cleats ensure loss-free material flow. Ideal for injection molding production, packaging technology, or as a feeder conveyor for containers. Technical Data: Manufacturer: FRASCH GmbH Model/Type: FAA-LU:500 / LM:1500 / LA:500 x B300 Year of Manufacture: 2009 Condition: Used, very well-maintained and clean visual condition Safety Standard: CE marking available Design: Straight incline conveyor, ideal for bridging level differences Belt Type: Cleated belt for small parts Conveyor Length: 1,500 mm Belt Width: 300 mm Voltage: 400 V Power: 0.18 kW Frequency: 50 Hz Belt Width (B): 300 mm Total Length (LM): 1,500 mm total conveyor length Nwsdpfx Aoy Am N Dolkef Bend Dimensions (LU/LA): 500 mm / 500 mm

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Tahun pembuatan: 1999, Derek putar Demag Jangkauan: 5000 mm Tinggi: 3300 mm Kapasitas angkat: 500 kg Tinggi angkat maks.: sekitar 240 cm TÜV: hingga 2026. Nsdpjx Rn T Hofx Alkjwf

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), jarak tempuh: 1.006.372 km, daya: 375 kW (509,86 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 09/2017, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, ukuran ban: 385/55, konfigurasi gandar: 4x2, jarak roda: 3.800 mm, bahan bakar: diesel, warna: merah, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, jumlah gigi: 16, kelas emisi: Euro 6, suspensi: baja-udara, panjang total: 6.210 mm, lebar total: 2.520 mm, beban gandar yang diizinkan (gandar 1): 8.000 kg, beban gandar yang diizinkan (gandar 2): 11.500 kg, Tahun pembuatan: 2017, Perlengkapan: AdBlue, kunci diferensial,