Beli 4 Mesin Press Lem Permukaan Untuk Kayu Yang Direkatkan bekas (113.466)

Tahun pembuatan: 2009, Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), I am selling a DRESOMET 4N4 glulam lamination press, year of manufacture 2009. Ledenxpabepfx Anusab Material size: 2800 x 800 x 60 mm 4 working surfaces, manual rotation. 9 pneumatic upper pressure units per surface 9 pneumatic pressure units per surface Self-weight: 1300 kg Very good condition. Available immediately.

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2020, panjang total: 6.020 mm, press otomatis pneumatik untuk penyambungan kayu panjang, 6 meter, untuk micro tenon, setelah renovasi menyeluruh Laodpfx Aoy E I D Ijnueb

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2008, I am selling a glulam press LISY DVORAK TH6, year of manufacture 2008. Material dimensions: 2600 x 1050 x 50 mm 6 working surfaces, manual rotation. 6 hydraulic top pressure units per surface / 1.1 kW pump Ledeh Txl Iepfx Anusab 6 manual pressure units per surface Self-weight: 1350 kg. Very good condition. Available immediately.

Kondisi: bekas, Mesin pengaplikasi lem untuk bilah kayu Lasdpfxsyknlbo Anujb

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Hydraulic Wood Gluing Press with Feeder STETON PLA 2500x1300 – Italian manufacture – CE certified with full technical documentation – Year of manufacture: 1998 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Shelf size: 2500 x 1300 mm Six hydraulic cylinders, 85 mm diameter Automatic glue spreader with pneumatic lift Four-section feed table with independent sectional adjustment Ability to set the number of elements fed per section Minimum element size: 300 x 30 x 25 mm (LxWxT) Maximum element size: 2500 x 160 x 40 mm (LxWxT) Maximum pressure on shelves: 260 bar Maximum lateral pressure: 120 bar Maximum pressure of stop: 200 bar Total power: 11 kW Maximum temperature: 120°C Feed roller speed: 5–60 m/min Feeder feed speed: 0–40 m/min Ljdpsh Tm A Eefx Anujab Speeds regulated via frequency inverter Roller outfeed table: 1400 x 2500 mm Seven lateral hydraulic cylinders Feeder conveyor belt: 1800 mm Electric shelf heating Cross feed table: 2500 x 1400 mm Total length: 588 cm Total width: 497 cm Transport dimensions: 1000 x 230 x 220 cm Weight: 11 t

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Nomor katalog 6763 DATA TEKNIS Lsdpjyyyqvsfx Anuoab - Silinder piston: 5 unit - 3 atas - 2 samping - Panjang maksimum elemen yang direkatkan: 3100 mm - Tinggi maksimum elemen yang direkatkan: 2100 mm - Daya motor sekitar 2 kW - Silinder atas hidrolik - Silinder samping hidrolik - Dimensi (P/L/T): 3750/1000/2700 mm - Berat sekitar 800 kg KEUNGGULAN – Kondisi sangat baik – Mesin press bekas – Tidak dicat ulang – Didesain untuk penggunaan profesional Harga netto: 13.900 PLN Harga netto: 3.300 EUR Harga netto dihitung dengan kurs 4,2 PLN/EUR (Dengan fluktuasi kurs yang signifikan, harga dapat berubah)

Tahun pembuatan: 2015, Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, nomor mesin/kendaraan: ODW 2687/20, CONTINUOUS PRESS FOR SANDWICH PANELS The unit is part of a larger production line; please refer to our other listings for more information. The system is fully enclosed and equipped with a walk-on service platform above the press. WORKPIECE DIMENSIONS (as used in previous production): Length: 2,000mm - 8,500mm Width: 1,500mm - 2,500mm Thickness: 12mm - 60mm Maximum batch weight: 60kg (can be increased without modification after consultation with manufacturer) TECHNICAL DATA: Total pressing force: 4,250kN Specific pressure: 10 - 20 N/cm² Number of hydraulic cylinders: 16 Hydraulic cylinder diameter: 110mm Individual cylinder control: yes Hydraulic operating pressure: 20 - 280bar Daylight opening: 150mm Maximum operating temperature: 80°C Press weight approx.: 57,000kg Required air pressure: 6 - 10bar Required extraction volume at an air speed of v = 30m/s: 3,400m³/h Heating capacity: 2x 110,000 kcal/h Heating medium: hot water Supply temperature (customer side): 85 - 95°C Separate heating of upper and lower platens Cooling device for re-cooling the platens when changing products Lajdsyt Rhkspfx Anujb INSTALLATION DIMENSIONS: Width: 5,066mm Length: 9,604mm Height approx.: 5,013mm

Kondisi: bekas, 4-Farben-Offsetdruckmaschine / 4-Color Sheet-Fed Offset Press Ryobi 3304H Year of manufacture: 1999 – Serial No. 1532 Max. sheet size: 340 x 460 mm Dampening system: VARN Compac Console for ink and register: PCS-F Automatic roller and blanket washer Chromed cylinders Powder spray unit Lasdpfx Anjwab Ayjuob Compressor Online video inspection via WhatsApp, MS Zoom, or Telegram In stock in Emskirchen/Nuremberg – Available immediately – Test run possible

Tahun pembuatan: 2018, Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Dari tahun 2018, 15 kW, dengan hopper dan kontainer PM 32-E (32 m3) serta perangkat tipping. Lajdpoyti Ipsfx Anujb

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2024, en-1 Lsdpfsd Hkqhjx Anusab

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1995, Mesin konstan - Stasiun kombinasi, sikat debu - perangkat pengukur ketebalan - sepatu amplas elektronik individual MCS sistem Weber 32 mm - rol kalibrasi baja beralur - peniup sabuk - karpet vakum. Lebar pengamplasan: 1100 mm. Daya penggerak: 15 kW. Daya feeding sekitar 1,1 kW. Pengaturan ketinggian 0,25 kW. Dimensi sabuk amplas: 1150 x 2500 mm. Ketebalan benda kerja maksimal: 150 mm. Lebar mesin: 1700 mm. Panjang mesin: 2000 mm. Tinggi mesin: 2160 + 150 mm. Berat mesin: 1900 kg. Tinggi kerja konstan: 850 mm. Diameter port ekstraksi: Sabuk 180 mm / Sikat 120 mm. Volume udara ekstraksi: 0,74 m³/s. Daya terpasang: 23 kW. Tekanan udara terpasang: 7 bar. Kecepatan feeding: 3–15 m/menit. Jam operasi: 7000 jam. Lokasi penyimpanan: Nattheim. Lasdpfex Twcpox Anueb

Kondisi: bekas, 4 adjustable INGERSOLL clamping jaws for face plate Chuck jaws for lathe chuck, mechanical clamping device, clamping block No.: 39.02.10000 / 501.397 Jaw width: 70 mm Jaw length: 180 mm Jaw carrier height: 150 mm Base plate: 325 x 265 mm - Stepped jaws reversible for use as turning and drilling jaws - Jaw adjustment via trapezoidal threaded spindle - Jaw carrier with 6 slots 40 x 30 mm for fastening - Distance between slots: 280 x 133 mm and 220 x 90 mm (center-to-center) Dimensions (L x W x H): 325 x 265 x 215 mm Weight per jaw: 36.5 kg Total weight (all 4 jaws): 146 kg In good condition Lasdpfxou Axzke Anueb

Kondisi: bekas, High-Performance Baler MACFAB - BEMA Type 650A Hydraulic press for packaging waste, recyclable renewable raw materials, and secondary raw materials Serial No. MF J0162 Year of manufacture: 2021 Pressing force: 50 tons Press plate stroke: approx. 1000 mm Cycle time per stroke: approx. 40 sec. Press chamber base area: 1500 x 1100 mm Press chamber height: 1650 mm Filling opening: 1500 x 870 mm Ledjvq Rtkspfx Anujab Filling height: approx. 1250 mm Bale size: 1500 x 1100 mm Bale height: max. 1100 mm Hydraulic operating pressure: 200 bar Motor power: 5.5 kW Power supply: 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 12 Amp. - Equipped with two hydraulic cylinders - Door locking via threaded spindle with handwheel - Press operation possible only when press chamber door is closed - Two-hand control for hydraulic ejection of finished bale - Clearances for manual strapping - Produces standard industrial bales of 1500 x 1100 x 1100 mm - The highly compacted bale is automatically tilted onto a pallet - Only 62 operating hours Installation dimensions (L x W x H): 2120 x 1350 x 3220 mm Transport height with retracted hydraulic cylinders: approx. 260 cm Weight: 1.8 tons The machine is in excellent, as-new condition. The new price for this press from BEMA is EUR 22,200 net. BEMA also purchases packaging waste that you bale with this press.

Kondisi: bekas, Double-column hydraulic press SMG Type HBP 200 - 2000 / 2000 Serial No. 7.4117 Year of manufacture: 1986 - Refurbished in 2000 Pressing force: 200 tons Distance between uprights (front): 2050 mm Clearance between uprights (lateral): 2030 mm Table size: 2800 x 2000 mm Ram area: 2000 x 2000 mm Ram stroke: 700 mm Maximum installation height: 1850 mm Table height above floor: 750 mm Ram return force: 33 tons Rapid advance speed: 500 mm/s Pressing speed: 72/36 mm/s Return speed: 420 mm/s Safety distance: 230 mm Main motor power: 75 kW Control pump motor power: 11 kW Power supply: 380 Volt, 50 Hz - 8-way flat guide for ram - Clamping plate with 22 mm T-slots on ram, 2000 x 1900 mm, thickness 60 mm - Hydraulic ram locking in top dead center - Travel measuring system with glass scale - Electrical control renewed in 2000 with SIEMENS PLC S7 - Free-standing control cabinet - Two-hand control console, free-standing - Ground-level installation - Central lubrication system - Operating manual with circuit diagrams Ledpsdzp Tcefx Anuoab Space requirement (upright): L x W x H 3700 x 2900 x 5900 mm Total machine height with motor: 5900 mm Space requirement for horizontal transport: L x W x H 5900 x 3250 x 2950 mm Weight: 38 tons The machine was used as a production press at Volkswagen until 2000. From 2000 onwards, the machine was used as a try-out press in a toolmaking facility. Good condition

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1987, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, gaya penekanan: 90 t, berat bal: 700 kg, jenis arus masuk: tiga fasa, lebar total: 220 mm, tinggi total: 240 mm, berat keseluruhan: 23.000 kg, panjang total: 1.142 mm, lebar bukaan pengisian: 90 mm, panjang bukaan pengisian: 140 mm, lebar bal: 80 mm, panjang bal: 1.200 mm, tinggi bal: 110 mm, kapasitas tangki: 1.100 l, tahun perombakan terakhir: 2025, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, Paal Licon 250 SC Channel Baler Designed for baling non-ferrous scrap, this baler has been operating for the past 12 years in a packaging plant, processing 700-800 tonnes of cardboard per month. Machine specifications: - Length: 1142 cm - Width: 220 cm - Press force: 80 tonnes - Channel (bale) dimensions: 110 x 80 cm - Hopper feed opening: 140 x 90 cm - Machine weight: 23 tonnes - Dual high-efficiency cooling system, suitable for 24/7 operation in a heated environment - Refurbished floor; main ram/cylinder installed six months ago Lajdpoxdnn Isfx Anueb - Upgraded and modified cutting knives for improved speed and efficiency - In 2025, hydraulic oil and valve blocks serviced; new rollers for the entire press/main plate - Compression cylinder refurbished - Large stock of spare parts included - Equipped with modernised electronics and control system (2018), fully operational and work-ready - Touchscreen operation Comprehensive photographic documentation from machine dismantling available. Complete technical documentation (DTR in Polish) and electrical schematics included. On-site testing possible. Additionally available: - Roller bale removal system with conveyors, tilting unit, weighing system, and bale storage as shown in photos Optionally: - Lifting tipper for emptying 1100L or 660L bins - PAAL KES1750 chain channel conveyor, width 1750 mm, 8 m horizontal, 8 m inclined section

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2012, jam operasional: 21.000 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, tahun perombakan terakhir: 2024, jenis perlindungan (kode IP): IP54, Mesin Briket RUF 400 GARIS PRODUKSI BRIKET LENGKAP TERSEDIA UNTUK DIJUAL: Pengering serbuk gergaji tipe drum Auger pengumpan Konveyor sabuk – 2 unit Separator dengan hopper Konveyor sekrup – 6 unit Tangki penyimpanan serbuk basah Tangki penyimpanan bahan bakar Boiler limbah kayu Penghancur limbah kayu Kipas ekstraksi dengan siklon Mesin pengemas dengan kompresor Laedpfjxu Ryusx Anusb Foto tambahan dan informasi tersedia untuk permintaan yang serius.

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, gaya penekanan: 250 t, panjang langkah: 800 mm, lebar meja: 1.000 mm, panjang meja: 1.000 mm, jarak antara tiang: 1.000 mm, gaya penarikan balik: 80 t, tekanan kerja: 250 batang, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, penghadang cahaya keselamatan, CRONOSSTECH 250 / 80 TON FOUR-POST HYDRAULIC DRAWING PRESS General Description The CRONOSSTECH 250 / 80 ton four-post hydraulic drawing press is a robust four-column hydraulic press solution designed for metal spinning, deep drawing, and precision pressing applications. Its St52 quality steel welded frame undergoes stress relief by vibration to ensure long-term high parallelism and perpendicularity tolerances. The ram and cushion systems operate independently; stroke and pressure can be precisely adjusted via the touch panel. Using REXROTH or PARKER hydraulic equipment, an IE3 class motor, and PLC control, it ensures high efficiency and reliable operation. An automatic lubrication system and electronic filter contamination alerts keep maintenance requirements to a minimum. With a 250 / 80 ton capacity, this model is an ideal industrial press solution for medium- and high-tonnage metal forming, deep drawing, and die tooling applications. Highlighted Advantages - High-rigidity four-column press frame - Independent stroke and tonnage adjustment for ram and cushion - Full control via touch panel - High precision and repeatability - Durable, low-maintenance design Lodpsx N Um Rofx Anusab Areas of Use - Metal forming applications - Deep drawing operations - Die trial and production lines - Auxiliary press operations ⚙️ STANDARD AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS TYPE: Four-Column FRAME MATERIAL: St52 – ERDEMİR POST SHAFT DIAMETER: Ø 90 mm – 4 pcs. induction hardened chrome plated shafts GUIDEWAYS: Bronze Zr14 RAM CAPACITY: 250 Tons CUSHION CAPACITY: 80 Tons DISTANCE BETWEEN COLUMNS: 1000 × 1000 mm PARALLELISM TOLERANCE: 120 micron/meter PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE: 60 micron/meter RAM STROKE: 800 mm CUSHION STROKE: 200 mm MIN. DAYLIGHT: 100 mm MAX. DAYLIGHT: 900 mm WELDING STRESS RELIEF: By vibration WELDING APPLICATION: TÜRK-AK accredited WPQR & WPS – EN ISO 15614-1:2017 (EN ISO 14731) MAX. WORKING PRESSURE: 250 Bar TOTAL MOTOR POWER: 22 kW – IE3 MAIN PUMP: 36 cm³ – REXROTH or PARKER MOVING TABLE FAST DOWN: 150 mm/sec FORMING SPEED: 12 mm/sec RETURN SPEED: 170 mm/sec CUSHION TABLE FORWARD SPEED: 30 mm/sec MAIN CYLINDER BORE: Ø 360 mm – Ck45 CUSHION CYLINDER BORE: Ø 200 mm – Ck45 AUXILIARY ACCELERATION CYLINDERS: 2 pcs APPROX. PRESS DIMENSIONS: 4000 × 1450 × 1450 mm BOTTOM TABLE HEIGHT FROM FLOOR: 1300 mm FRONT FILL VALVE: NG 125 HYDRAULIC UNIT: REXROTH or PARKER COOLING SYSTEM: EMMEGI – CIESSE – PARKER OFF-LINE FILTRATION: REXROTH or PARKER PLC: DELTA TOUCH PANEL: DELTA 7” ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS: SIEMENS – SCHNEIDER APPROX. WEIGHT: 16 Tons Production Note This machine is manufactured in Turkey by CRONOSSTECH.

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, daya: 18,5 kW (25,15 hp), panjang langkah: 310 mm, kecepatan operasi: 10 mm/dtk, kecepatan mundur: 140 mm/dtk, tinggi meja: 965 mm, kedalaman tenggorokan: 410 mm, lebar kerja: 4.100 mm, gaya tekuk (maks.): 220 t, jarak antara penyangga: 3.600 mm, jenis kontrol: Kontrol CNC, penyesuaian pengukur belakang: dikendalikan CNC, jumlah sumbu: 4, jenis mahkota: digerakkan oleh motor, jenis aktuasi: hidrolik, STANDARD FEATURES CNC-controlled hydraulic press brake. CNC-controlled Y1 – Y2 – X – R axes (4 axes). CNC control unit (ESA S640 – 15” touchscreen, 2D graphic display). Offline PC programming capability. Stress-relieved, heavy-duty steel frame. CNC-controlled synchronized cylinder system. 310 mm stroke. 410 mm throat depth. ±0.03 mm precision, servo-motor rear gauge. Rear gauge travel distances: X axis: 750 mm R axis: 250 mm Ball screw and linear guide rear gauge system. Sliding-type front support arms. Manual crowning system (wedge type). European style narrow lower table. European style quick-release upper tool clamping system (Promecam type). High-precision linear scales. Standard upper punch (H: 67 mm – 85° – R: 0.8). Standard lower die (60×60 mm – 4 V-channels: 16 / 22 / 35 / 50 mm). Front laser safety system. Lasdpfx Anex Nqqreujb LED lighting. Foot pedal. Emergency stop buttons. CE-compliant safety equipment. OPTIONAL FEATURES 4 / 6 / 8-axis rear gauge systems starting from X + R. Extension of rear gauge X-axis stroke up to 1000 mm. Additional rear gauge fingers. Hydraulic upper and lower tool clamping systems. Motorized crowning system. Wider lower table for multi-channel dies. Front safety laser system (AKAS or DSP). Rear safety light barrier. CNC-controlled sheet front support systems. Automatic angle measuring system. Oil cooler or heater. Air-conditioned cooling system for electrical cabinet. Deep throat option. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (C 220 / 4100 MODEL) Bending force: 220 tons. Bending length: 4100 mm. Distance between side frames: 3600 mm. Stroke: 310 mm. Daylight opening: 515 mm. Throat depth: 410 mm. Table height: 965 mm. Rear gauge axes: X = 750 mm / R = 250 mm. Approach speed: 180 mm/s. Working speed: 140 mm/s. Return speed: 10 mm/s. Main motor power: 18.5 kW. Oil tank capacity: 290 liters. Machine weight: approx. 13,650 kg. Machine dimensions (LxWxH): approx. 6180 x 2650 x 3040 mm.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Laminating Press MAWEG Machine frame inclined at 10° One-sided loading Horizontal beam height adjustable via hand crank (all clamping cylinders can be adjusted simultaneously) Hydraulic cylinders with quick-clamp function, infinitely adjustable Hydraulic cylinder pressure applied manually Hydraulic cylinder pressing force approx. 2,000 kp Hydraulic cylinder stroke 100 mm Clamping depth 100 mm Max. clamping length 2,800 mm Max. clamping height 1,800 mm 4 pcs. vertical pressure cylinders 2 pcs. horizontal pressure cylinders 6 pcs. counter-stops Note for used machines: • Technical data may be subject to errors and prior sale. Lajdpfx Ansyyn E Uousb • All prices are ex-location, loaded onto truck. • Machines have been cleaned and functionality tested. • All machines are sold as inspected, without any warranty or guarantee claims. Buyers are welcome to inspect the machines at our location. • Special agreements are only valid in written form. (Inquiries will only be answered if your address and telephone number are provided!)

Kondisi: bekas, Servo press brake SAFAN Model SMK-P 50-2550 TS1 Lajdpexpqy Dsfx Anujb Press brake machine with 4-axis CNC control Serial No.: MK 285, Year of manufacture: 1998 CNC control SAFAN software version 5.07 TS1 Press force: 500 kN (50 tons) Working length: 2550 mm Stroke: 215 mm Clearance between side frames: 2700 mm Tool installation height: max. 414 mm Table width: 55 mm Table height above floor: 950 mm Rapid approach speed: approx. 75 mm/s Return speed: approx. 75 mm/s Working speed: approx. 1.6 to 15 mm/s Motor power: 9 kW Power supply: 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 9 kW - 4-axis CNC control, SAFAN software version 5.07 TS1, Y1 and Y2 axes for press beam - 2-axis backgauge: X-axis for depth adjustment, R-axis for height adjustment - 2 backgauge fingers, laterally adjustable by hand (Z1, Z2) - Press beam driven by 2 servomotors and belt drive - Infinitely variable working speed - Operation via electric foot switch and/or two-hand control panel - 13 clamping holders for upper tool, UKB system, type 50.571 (UKB System A) - Tool holder for lower tool, 55 mm wide with 13 mm groove, groove depth 21 mm (Trumpf system or UKB System B) - Without bending tools (new tool package from UKB costs approx. €3,600 net) - Total recorded operating hours: 8120 h - Work cycles: 1,049,789 strokes Required space (L x W x H): 3450 x 1850 x 2650 mm Weight: 5000 kg Good condition

Kondisi: bekas, Data teknis: Diameter briket: 60 mm Panjang briket: 50 mm Diameter tangki: 900/1000 mm Tinggi tangki: 930 mm Kapasitas tangki: 840 L Kapasitas produksi: 60 kg/jam Daya listrik: 400 V Daya motor: 7,5 kW Lajdpfx Ajy R Sp Ejnueb Saklar pemutus darurat Dimensi keseluruhan: Panjang: 1200 mm Lebar: 1600 mm Tinggi: 1500 mm

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2007, Rakitan Lem Kayu Schöberl Tinggi penjepitan: 1900 mm Panjang penjepitan: 3000 mm atau lebih Bisa dipindahkan 6 elemen penjepit Kebutuhan ruang: 3000 x 1000 mm Dapat digunakan dari kedua sisi Penggaris pemanas: 3000 mm Laodpfxoy Sg Ekj Anujb Tahun pembuatan: 2007 Harga: 7000,- (harga baru: 13000,-)

Kondisi: bekas, Data teknis: Diameter briket: 50 mm Panjang briket: 50 mm Diameter tangki: 1000 mm Tinggi tangki: 920+1000 mm Kapasitas: ~50 kg/jam Catu daya: 380 V Daya motor: 4 kW Saklar darurat Lodpfx Ajy N Taienueab Dimensi keseluruhan: Panjang: 1600 mm Lebar: 1100 mm Tinggi: 1500+1000 mm

Tahun pembuatan: 1968, Kondisi: bekas, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 2250, pemisah rangka terbang lama diameter 1300; mesin lengkap dengan panel listrik penuh, pelindung kisi, pelindung, beberapa bilah, pengaturan lebar elektrik. Lsdpfx Ansy Rmp Tjuoab

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 7926 DATA TEKNIS - panjang kerja: 6200 mm - lebar kerja: 150 mm - tinggi kerja: 1350 mm - 12 silinder hidrolik vertikal - dimensi (P/L/T): 6580/1270/2350 mm - berat sekitar 4000 kg KEUNGGULAN – kondisi sangat baik – mesin press bekas – belum dicat ulang – dirancang untuk penggunaan profesional Harga netto: 69.900 PLN Laedpsyu Tp Tefx Anusb Harga netto: 16.650 EUR Harga netto dihitung pada kurs 4,2 PLN/EUR (jika terjadi fluktuasi kurs yang signifikan, harga dapat berubah)