Beli Gildemeister Ctx 500 E bekas (238)

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2003, Data Teknis: Diameter Putar: 680 mm Jarak antara senter: 1000 mm Kecepatan putar: 2800 rpm Chuck: ø300 mm Iodpfoyfnqgex Apvotg Dimensi (perkiraan): 5560 x 2400 x 2130 mm Berat (perkiraan): 10.000 kg Perlengkapan: - Kontrol: Heidenhain CNC Pilot 4290 - Revolver 12 posisi VDM 40 - Sumbu C

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1995, The machine is being sold for parts / as spare parts... Itedonximuopfx Apvsg CNC lathe manufacturer: GILDEMEISTER Model: CTX 600, year 1995 Forkardt chuck, 315 mm Tool turret Tailstock Steady rest Headstock Guideway covers and sheet metal panels Motors Machine is for sale in individual components... Please let us know which parts you need and we will provide you with an offer.

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2003, jam operasional: 11.600 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, lubang spindel: 107 mm, kecepatan spindel (maks.): 4.000 rpm, berat keseluruhan: 10.000 kg, model controller: Siemens 810D, Perlengkapan: konveyor serpihan, en Ijdpjymn Ibsfx Apvotg

Tahun pembuatan: 2009, Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Turning diameter: 200 mm, bar capacity: 330 mm, diameter over cross slide: 260 mm, travel X/Z: 160 mm/460 mm, feed rate X/Z: 24 m/min, spindle speed: 5000 rpm, spindle bore: 51 mm, spindle power: 16.5 kW/11 kW, torque: 1665.5 Nm/112 Nm, tailstock: 400 mm, tool stations: 12. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 4200 mm/1700 mm/2300 mm, weight: approx. 3500 kg, control: Siemens Sinumerik 810D. Including chip conveyor. Documentation available. Inspection on site possible. Isdpfxsv Dkb Io Apvstg

Tahun pembuatan: 1996, Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), de-01 Itodpfxex Uq Uho Apvog

Tahun pembuatan: 1998, Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Base machine CTX 200E with driven tools, C-axis, and 1x sub-spindle machining. Includes DATAPILOT software package TurnPlus, control cabinet cooling unit, hinged belt chip conveyor, discharge height: 1100 mm including coolant tank, set of tool holders for the universal disc turret with tool holders for external machining, boring bar holders, tools with cylindrical shank interface, sealing plugs, reduction sleeves. Complete axial bar gripper, workpiece pick-up unit, 3x axial tool spindles for drilling/milling/tapping, 1x radial spindle for drilling/milling/tapping, 1x for saw blades, complete collet chuck for main spindle, complete collet chuck for sub-spindle, 17x round DIN collets 173E, Ø 3–40 mm, 2x hex DIN collets 173E, SW 7 and 12 mm, 2x square DIN collets 173E, SW 8 mm. Bar feeder magazine IEMCA BOSS 542/32, guide channel set LW 13, additionally for IEMCA BOSS 542, 13x guide jaws for bar feeder IEMCA BOSS 542/32, Ø 8–41 mm. Complete documentation included. The machine has been idle for one year as the turret head is missing; no further defects known, operating hours unknown, no maintenance records available. Includes bar loader and numerous tools. Itjdpfxow Tl Ifo Apveg

Kondisi: belum diuji (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2009, jam operasional: 24.854 h, Fungsionalitas: belum diuji, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 00410002771, diameter putar di atas sled silang: 380 mm, diameter pembubutan: 410 mm, kecepatan spindel (maks.): 4.000 rpm, jarak pergerakan sumbu X: 300 mm, jarak gerak sumbu Z: 850 mm, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Bidding obligates the buyer to collect the item within the specified period: between 28.07.2025 and 31.07.2025. Comes with a comprehensive tooling package TECHNICAL DETAILS Swing diameter over bed: 700 mm Max. swing diameter over cross-slide: 380 mm Max. turning diameter: 410 mm Distance between centers: 975 mm Turning length: 800 mm X-axis travel: 300 mm Z1-axis travel: 850 mm Z3-axis travel: 800 mm Max. spindle speed: 4,000 rpm Main spindle: ISM 102 C-axis torque: 600/770 Nm Height of spindle flange from floor: 1,040 mm Spindle flange diameter: 220h5 mm Chuck diameter: 315 mm Bar capacity: 102 mm Spindle bore diameter: 118 mm Front bearing diameter: 160 mm C-axis angular resolution: 0.001° Turret with live tooling Tool holders: VDI 40 Number of tools: 12 Iedpewvhunjfx Apvotg Tailstock: Travel 800 mm, Morse taper 5 MT MACHINE DETAILS Serial number: 00410002771 Power-on hours: 71,843 h Spindle hours: 24,854 h Dimensions: 5,000 x 2,800 x 2,000 mm Weight: 7,500 kg EQUIPMENT - Supplied with technical documentation

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2011, Turning machines Travel X: 270 mm Travel Y: 120 mm Travel Z: 1200 mm Turning length: 1135 mm Max. swing diameter: 700 mm Max. turning diameter: 340 mm Max. torque: 680 Nm Speed range up to: 4000 rpm Control: DMG Driven spindles Driven tools: 50 Ijdpswwv Ifofx Apvotg Chip conveyor Short bar loader magazine IRCO ILS-RBK 100/16 Various main spindle reduction sleeves NC-controlled workpiece removal unit Conveyor belt for removal of workpieces from the machine Coolant system 8/20 bar with immersion cooler Coolant spray gun Chip conveyor Oil mist extractor Control cabinet cooling unit (up to 40°) 4-color signal tower, connection for bar loader magazine Main spindle as integrated spindle motor ISM 102 Counter spindle as integrated spindle motor ISM 76

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2003, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Mesin Bubut CNC Pabrikan: Gildemeister Tipe: CTX 420 linear V3 Tahun pembuatan: 2003 Kontrol: Heidenhain Plus IT Diameter putar di atas ranjang: 680 mm Diameter putar di atas dudukan: 565 mm Jarak lintasan sumbu X: 260 mm Itodpfx Aoxc Uq Tspvjg Jarak lintasan sumbu Z: 635 mm Daya penggerak 40/100%: 25/37 kW Kisaran putaran: 20 – 5000 rpm Berat sekitar: 6500 kg Perlengkapan: Tool driven: 12 posisi Tool turret: Revolver Sauter 12-posisi VDI 30 Chuck separuh hollow Tailstock Pergerakan pinol otomatis Kepala pinol: Mk 5 Konveyor serbuk Lengan pengukur Penyedot kabut oli Spesifikasi dapat berubah sewaktu-waktu.

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2005, 1 piece of used CNC lathe with driven tools and Y-axis. Equipped with Siemens control. Itsdpfxswz Sgfe Apvjg

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1998, jam operasional: 10.463 h, diameter putar di atas sled silang: 455 mm, panjang pembubutan: 1.000 mm, diameter pembubutan: 680 mm, lubang spindel: 107 mm, jarak gerak sumbu Z: 1.000 mm, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, gildemeister CTX600E heidenhain CNC pilot 3190 control system Between centres (BDC): 1000 mm Swing diameter over bed: Ø 680 mm Swing diameter over cross slide: Ø 455 mm X-axis travel: 320 mm Z-axis travel: 1097 mm Turret: 12 positions Driven tools: Yes Tool holder: VDI 50 C-axis: Yes Main spindle power: approx. 30 kW Ijdpfeyl Sa Ssx Apvotg Speed range: 4 – 2800 rpm Spindle bore: Ø 107 mm Max. chuck diameter: 500 mm X-axis feed force: 8 kN Z-axis feed force: 15 kN Rapid traverse X: 24 m/min Rapid traverse Z: 30 m/min Tailstock Quill diameter: 120 mm Quill stroke: 120 mm Taper: MK5 (6) Quill force: 14 kN Dimensions & weight Weight: approx. 9,000 kg Length: 4300 mm Width without screen: 2000 mm Width with screen: 2450 mm Height: 2200 mm Note: The information on this page has been obtained and compiled in good faith, but its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Accordingly, it does not constitute representation or contract and we recommend verifying all relevant details. Financial information VAT/margin: VAT: The displayed price is excluding VAT (VAT deductible for businesses).

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2001, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, kecepatan spindel (min.): 3.500 rpm, jarak gerak sumbu Z: 2.000 mm, kecepatan rotasi (min.): 4.500 rpm, panjang umpan sumbu Z: 500 mm, jenis bahan bakar: listrik, bahan bakar: listrik, kedalaman tenggorokan: 350 mm, Tahun Model: 2001 Diameter Chuck: 12" Jumlah Sumbu: 2 Panjang: 1000 mm Diameter Leher Angsa: 350 mm Kecepatan Spindel (rpm): 3500 Jenis Material yang Dapat Dikerjakan: Baja, aluminium, titanium, grafit, tembaga, invar, komposit, derlin, peek Iedpfx Apsx Nvqdevstg

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2004, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Hello I am offering for sale a renowned CNC LATHE from DMG GILDEMEISTER, model CTX 420 Linear V4, equipped with C and Y axes and driven tools. The machine is in excellent technical and visual condition. _ Type: CNC Lathe Manufacturer: DMG GILDEMEISTER Model: CTX 420 V4 Linear CNC Control: HEIDENHAIN 4290 + DIN PLUS programming overlay Country of manufacture: Germany Year of manufacture: 2004 _ Machine specifications: - Turret: 12 stations for VDI 40 tool holders (all stations driven) - Max spindle speed: 5000 rpm - C-axis - Y-axis - Driven tools - Max turning length (Z-axis): 635 mm - Max turning diameter (X-axis): 325 mm Itodpfjxcupcjx Apvog - BERG spindle chuck: Ø200 mm - Max bar diameter: Ø66 mm - Coolant system - Hydraulic tailstock - programmable control - Chip conveyor - Spindle drive power: 21 kW - LNS bar feeder - Technical documentation - Machine weight: 6 tons _ WHY BUY MACHINES FROM PPM? - We have our own service team – both stationary and mobile - We have sold over 700 DMG machines - Machine commissioning available at the customer’s location - Operator training and machine delivery to customer’s site included in the price - All our machines undergo a professional technical inspection – ready for immediate operation - Machine purchase available via installment plan or leasing.

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2003, Turning diameter 210 mm Turning length 580 mm Control system: Siemens 840 D Center height 190 mm Swing over bed 330 mm Swing over cross slide 260 mm Spindle speed range – main spindle max. 4,000 rpm Main spindle drive power 10 / 7.5 kW Max. torque 115 / 86 Nm Spindle bore 68.5 mm Usable bar diameter 51 mm C-axis 0.001° Travel X-axis 185 mm Travel Z-axis 455 mm Number of tool stations 12 pos. Tool holder: VDI 30 Driven tool stations: 6 pos. Tailstock travel 400 mm Max. drawbar force 4,000 N Rapid traverse X: 20 / Z: 30 m/min Feed force 4.5 kN Total power requirement 21 kW Machine weight approx. 3.2 t Space requirement approx. 8.0 x 2.2 x 2.0 m CNC Turning and Milling Center GILDEMEISTER – CTX 310 V3 - incl. IRCO Breuning bar loader - incl. 2x collet chucks - incl. 2x 3-jaw chucks incl. various soft and hard jaws - various VDI30 turning tool holders Iedpfx Astqmmuopvetg - various coolant tubes - approx. 20x 173E collets - clamping sleeve for 185E collets (for bars up to Ø50 mm) - 11x 185E collets

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2001, Swing diameter 400 mm Turning length 549 mm Control HEIDENHAIN Eltropilot Swing diameter over bed 570 mm Travel - X axis 220 mm Travel - Z axis 635 mm Main spindle bore 79 mm Main spindle speed 25 - 5000 rpm Main spindle motor 21 kW Maximum spindle torque 240 Nm Spindle nose diameter at front bearing 120 mm C-axis, speed 100 rpm C-axis holding torque 200 Nm C-axis resolution < 0.04° Sub-spindle bore 56 mm Sub-spindle speed 25 - 5000 rpm Sub-spindle motor 9 kW Maximum spindle torque 72 Nm Spindle nose diameter at front bearing 90 mm C-axis, speed 100 rpm C-axis holding torque 150 Nm C-axis resolution < 0.04° Feed force X/Z axis 3.5 / 7 Nm Rapid traverse X axis 20 m/min Rapid traverse Z axis 24 m/min Tool turret 1 x 12 stations Number of driven tool stations 12 Speed of driven tools 4,000 rpm Total connected load 44 kVA Itsdpox I Sfnjfx Apveg Machine weight approx. 5.7 t Machine dimensions L x W x H 3.65 x 2.03 x 2.1 m Accessories: HAINBUCH collet chuck on main spindle, RÖHM 3-jaw chuck, 140 mm⌀, on sub-spindle, 3 collets, chip conveyor, coolant system with belt filter unit

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2007, jam operasional: 30.395 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Spindel utama: kecepatan hingga 5.000 rpm Spindel lawan: 6.000 rpm Menara poros-C: 12 stasiun Itedpfsy R Ddbjx Apveg Siemens 840D Powerline Diameter putar maks.: 320 mm Panjang putar maks.: 600 mm Sumbu perjalanan: Sumbu-X: 250 mm, Sumbu-Z: 600–635 mm Spindel lawan Sumbu Y Konveyor serpihan Sumbu C Perkakas bermotor Pengumpan batang

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2002,

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2002, Diameter putar 400 mm Panjang putar 635 mm Kontrol Heidenhain Eltropilot Diameter sirkular di atas alas 570 mm Perjalanan sumbu - x 220 mm Perjalanan sumbu - z 635 mm Lubang spindel utama 79 mm Daya penggerak spindel utama 21 kW Torsi pada spindel 240 Nm Kecepatan putar spindel utama: 25-5.000 Rentang putar sumbu C 100 rpm Gaya dorong di sumbu x + z 3,5 / 7 N Rapid traverse sumbu X 20 m/menit Rapid traverse sumbu Z 24 m/menit Kebutuhan daya total 44 kva Berat mesin sekitar 6 t Sub-spindle Lubang sub-spindle 56 mm Kecepatan sub-spindle 25-5.000 rpm Iedpfx Asy I A U Hspvetg Motor sub-spindle 9 KW Torsi maksimum pada sub-spindle Nm LNS bar feeder

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Hello, I am offering for sale a DMG Gildemeister CTX 310 V3 CNC lathe with driven tools. TECHNICAL AND VISUAL CONDITION: Very Good Type: CNC Lathe Manufacturer: GILDEMEISTER Model: CTX 310 V3 Control system: Heidenhain Data Pilot 4290 Country of manufacture: Germany Year of manufacture: 2003 - Total machine operating hours: 9,144 h Machine specifications: - Turret: 12 tool stations with VDI-30 toolholders + TurnPlus attachment - Maximum spindle speed: 5,000 rpm - C-axis - Driven tools - Hydraulic tailstock - Through spindle - Maximum turning diameter (X-axis): 190 mm - Maximum turning length (Z-axis): 455 mm - Coolant system Ijdpey Rb H Hjfx Apvjtg - SMW AutoBlock 3-jaw hydraulic chuck - Spindle bore diameter: 50 mm - Chip conveyor - Complete programming manual - Mechanical and electrical documentation - Machine weight: 3.8 t - Loading included in the price The machine has undergone a full inspection. 100% operational. Connected and ready for work. Stal-Com has been selling, servicing, and providing training on DMG-group CNC machines for 19 years. We specialize in all models of Gildemeister lathes and Deckel Maho machining centers. Each machine undergoes thorough technical inspection. Besides serving customers in Poland, we also supply machines to clients across Europe and parts of Asia. Every machine can be inspected during production, as we also operate a machining facility. Following purchase, we provide staff training and can help set up part production at the customer’s site. We maintain long-term partnerships, supplying further machine tools to numerous companies.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), I have for sale a GILDEMEISTER CTX 410 V3 CNC LATHE with driven tools TECHNICAL AND VISUAL CONDITION: Very Good Type: CNC Lathe Manufacturer: GILDEMEISTER Model: CTX 410 V3 Control: Heidenhain 4290 Country of manufacture: Germany Year of manufacture: 2006 The machine is fully equipped with both static and driven tool holders. Ijdpjy Rb Ecsfx Apvjtg Machine specifications: - Turret: 12 positions for VDI-30 holders (all positions driven) - Max spindle speed: 5,000 rpm - C-axis - Driven tools - Tailstock - Max turning diameter X-axis: 320mm - Max turning length Z-axis: 600mm - Coolant system - Hydraulic collet chuck on main spindle (option to convert to 3-jaw chuck) - Through spindle (bore diameter 66mm) - Parts catcher - Chip conveyor - Full programming manual - Mechanical and electrical documentation - Machine weight: 5 tons - Loading included in the price The machine has undergone a complete inspection and is 100% operational. It is powered up and ready for work. Stal-Com has 20 years of experience in sales, service, and training on DMG group CNC machines. We specialize in all models of Gildemeister lathes and Deckel Maho Machining Centers. All machines undergo thorough technical inspections. Our customers are from Poland as well as across Europe and parts of Asia. Each machine can be inspected in operation, as we also run a contract machining shop. After purchase, we provide operator training and can assist in setting up production at the customer’s site. We cooperate on a long-term basis with numerous companies to whom we deliver additional machine tools.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2007, I have for sale a GILDEMEISTER CTX 410 V6 CNC LATHE with driven tools, Y-axis, and sub-spindle. TECHNICAL AND VISUAL CONDITION: Very Good Type: CNC Lathe Manufacturer: GILDEMEISTER Model: CTX 410 V6 Control: Heidenhain 4290 Country of Origin: Germany Year of manufacture: 2007 The machine is fully equipped with both static and driven tool holders. Machine specifications: - Turret: 12-station, VDI-30 tool holders (all stations driven) - Max spindle speed: 5000 rpm - C-axis on both spindles - Driven tools Itjdpfx Apoy Rbz Dovog - Y-axis - Sub-spindle for part pick-up - Max turning diameter (X-axis): 320 mm - Max turning length (Z-axis): 600 mm - High-pressure coolant system - Hydraulic 3-jaw chuck on main spindle: 250 mm - Hydraulic 3-jaw chuck on sub-spindle: 200 mm - Through-hole main spindle (bore diameter 77 mm) - Finished part catcher - Chip conveyor - Full programming manual included - Mechanical and Electrical documentation - Machine weight: 6 tons - Loading included in the price Machine has undergone a complete inspection. 100% operational, connected and ready for work. Stal-Com has been selling, servicing, and providing CNC machine training for over 20 years, specializing in all models of Gildemeister lathes and Deckel Maho machining centers. All our machines undergo rigorous technical inspections. Our customers, not only from Poland but also from all over Europe and parts of Asia, purchase machines from us. Each machine can be inspected during production, as we also operate a machining workshop. After purchasing a machine from us, we provide operator training and can also set up part production at the customer’s site. We have ongoing partnerships with many companies, supplying them with additional machine tools on a continuous basis.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1995, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, I have for sale a CNC LATHE GILDEMEISTER CTX400 TECHNICAL AND VISUAL CONDITION: Very Good Type: CNC Lathe Manufacturer: GILDEMEISTER Model: CTX400 Control: Heidenhain 1190 Country of origin: Germany Year of production: 1995 Machine specifications: - Turret: 12 tool stations for VDI-30 tool holders - Max. spindle speed: 5000 rpm - Hydraulic tailstock - Finished part catcher - Max. turning diameter X-axis: 290 mm - Max. turning length Z-axis: 600 mm - Coolant system - 200 mm three-jaw hydraulic chuck - Spindle bore: Ø66 mm - Bar capacity spindle - Chip conveyor - Complete programming manual - Mechanical and electrical documentation - Machine weight: 5.5 tons - Loading onto truck included in the price Iodpjy Rbr Njfx Apvetg The machine has undergone a full inspection. Fully operational. Connected and ready to work. Stal-Com has been selling, servicing, and training on DMG group CNC machines for 17 years. We are specialists in all Gildemeister lathe models and Deckel Maho machining centers. All machines receive a careful technical inspection. Our machines are purchased not only by customers in Poland, but also throughout Europe and parts of Asia. Each machine can be inspected under power as we also provide machining services. After purchasing a machine from us, we provide staff training and can set up part production at the customer’s facility. We cooperate with many companies on a regular basis, supplying additional machine tools as needed.

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2004, jam operasional: 60.425 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang pembubutan: 1.050 mm, diameter pembubutan: 465 mm, jarak pergerakan sumbu X: 300 mm, diameter luar chuck: 325 mm, model controller: Fanuk Series 21I-TB, DETAIL TEKNIS Panjang putar maks.: 1.050 mm Diameter putar di atas dudukan palet: 350 mm Diameter putar maks.: 465 mm Diameter cekam: 325 mm Pergerakan sumbu X: 300 mm Pergerakan sumbu Z: 1.050 mm Kecepatan putar maks.: 3.500 rpm Torsi maks.: 630 Nm Diameter bearing pada spindle: 120 mm Itjdoy Hg S Hjpfx Apvog Diameter batang maks.: 90 mm Jarak gerak tailstock: 850 mm Jarak gerak pin: 150 mm Gerak cepat sumbu X/Z: 30 m/menit Jumlah posisi penukar alat: 12 Tipe dudukan alat: VDI 40 DETAIL MESIN Kontrol: Fanuc Series 21I-TB Daya penggerak: 33 kW

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2004, Gildemeister CTX 510 Kontrol: Siemens 840 D dengan Shop - Turn Tahun pembuatan: 2004 Itjdpfx Ajy N S E Ropvsg Perjalanan X / Z: 300 / 1050 mm Revolver: 12 posisi Holder alat: VDI 40 Kecepatan spindle hingga: 3.500 rpm Diameter batang maksimal: 90 mm Perjalanan pinol: 150 mm Dudukan tailstock Pendinginan 20 bar Ukuran chuck 315 mm Jam spindle sekitar: 14.000 * Pada mesin ini diproduksi ukuran lot 0 - 5 * Pemrograman dilakukan di mesin

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2005, jam operasional: 19.229 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 8043943123C, panjang pembubutan: 1.050 mm, diameter pembubutan: 465 mm, jarak pergerakan sumbu X: 300 mm, jarak gerak sumbu Z: 1.050 mm, model controller: Siemens 840 D, RINCIAN TEKNIS Diameter pembubutan: 465 mm Panjang pembubutan: 1.050 mm Diameter saat pembubutan: 680 mm Diameter chuck: 325 mm Isdpfey D I Ttex Apvstg Perjalanan sumbu X: 300 mm Perjalanan sumbu Z: 1.050 mm Kisaran kecepatan putar: 3.500 rpm Gerakan cepat X/Z: 30 m/menit RINCIAN MESIN Kontrol: Siemens 840 D Jumlah posisi alat: 12 posisi Tipe dudukan alat: VDI 40 Berat: 7.500 kg Jam operasional Jam spindle: 19.229 jam Jam hidup: 81.347 jam Catatan: Mesin dapat diperlihatkan dalam kondisi teraliri listrik atas permintaan.