Beli Hisap Fan bekas (4.446)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), jarak tempuh: 412.305 km, daya: 199 kW (270,56 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 06/2007, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, konfigurasi gandar: 4x2, jarak roda: 3.900 mm, bahan bakar: diesel, warna: lain, kabin pengemudi: kabin harian, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, jumlah gigi: 12, suspensi: baja-udara, panjang total: 7.050 mm, lebar total: 2.500 mm, tinggi total: 3.100 mm, Tahun pembuatan: 2007, Perlengkapan: kunci diferensial,

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Axial fan, Gigabox, fan, blower, high-pressure duct fan Iedsfmd Rwjpfx Aa Netb - Power: 0.75 kW - Speed: 1,420 rpm - Impeller diameter: 445 mm - Protection class: IP54 - With connection cable and on/off switch - Dimensions: 520/560/H470 mm - Weight: 53 kg

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), nomor mesin/kendaraan: WDB9506251K436224, jarak tempuh: 377.951 km, daya: 206 kW (280,08 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 10/1999, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, kondisi ban: 50 persen, konfigurasi gandar: 6x2, bahan bakar: diesel, rem: pengereman mesin, warna: lain, kabin pengemudi: kabin harian, tipe perpindahan gigi: mekanis, kelas emisi: euro2, suspensi: baja-udara, panjang total: 8.000 mm, lebar total: 2.500 mm, tinggi total: 3.700 mm, Tahun pembuatan: 1999, Perlengkapan: ABS, kunci diferensial, pendingin udara, pengaturan jendela elektrik,

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), nomor mesin/kendaraan: VF633DVB000102098, jarak tempuh: 305.878 km, daya: 272 kW (369,82 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 09/2002, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, kondisi ban: 50 persen, konfigurasi gandar: 6x4, bahan bakar: diesel, rem: pengereman mesin, warna: lain, kabin pengemudi: kabin harian, tipe perpindahan gigi: mekanis, kelas emisi: Euro 3, suspensi: baja, panjang total: 9.200 mm, lebar total: 2.500 mm, tinggi total: 4.000 mm, Tahun pembuatan: 2002, Perlengkapan: ABS, kunci diferensial, pendingin udara, pengaturan jendela elektrik,

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Thanks to the extensive experience of the CORMAK team, the FAN series of centrifugal fans have been developed. The most powerful FAN7.5 centrifugal fan achieves an airflow capacity of up to 10,562 m³/h. This centrifugal fan is specifically designed for use in the woodworking, furniture, automotive, agricultural, and manufacturing industries. Product features: The centrifugal fan is capable of transporting air as well as chips, sawdust, dust, and other substances such as smoke or non-hazardous gases. It is widely used for ventilation in industrial facilities, sawmills, woodworking shops, mining operations, large buildings, hotels, restaurants, and more. Thanks to its design and a reinforced, balanced impeller with multiple blades, it ensures stable, quiet, and vibration-free operation. The high efficiency of the fan, achieved through the optimal shaping of the blades, significantly reduces energy consumption while maintaining high performance. Itjdpfx Aaevugrde Njb APPLICATIONS - Industrial production of various materials - Air transport for dehumidifiers and drying systems - Woodworking – transport of chips, sawdust, dust - Agricultural industry – transport of fine granules - Manufacturing – transport of polystyrene granules, etc. - Automotive industry – transport of dust-laden air, debris Technical specifications: MAX. AIRFLOW: max. 10,562 m³/h INLET DIAMETER: 340 mm OUTLET DIAMETER: 350 mm PRESSURE: 2,554 – 1,673 Pa DIMENSIONS: 810 x 900 x 980 mm MOTOR POWER / VOLTAGE: 7.5 kW WEIGHT: 125 kg

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, The FAN4000 centrifugal fan is an excellent, versatile machine, ideally suited for woodworking applications involving extraction and transport of contaminants. Its compact design and high negative pressure make it an indispensable device. Thanks to the many years of experience of the CORMAK team, the FAN series of centrifugal fans has been developed. Designing a new technological line enabled us to create the LineWind metal turbine system. This is the most important feature of our centrifugal fans, allowing for increased suction power to extract various types of contaminants, made possible by a special blade system shaped at an optimal angle. The centrifugal fan was specifically designed for use in the woodworking, furniture, automotive, agricultural, and manufacturing industries. Centrifugal fans are used for: transporting chips, sawdust, small granulates dusty air spot extraction systems drying systems dehumidifiers Multi-blade metal impeller! High efficiency is ensured by a balanced impeller. The motor winding is equipped with thermal overload protection (thermal sensor). The extraction system is enhanced by additional anti-vibration feet at the base, guaranteeing stable and vibration-free operation. The emergency stop button complies with PN-EN ISO 12100 and PN-EN ISO 13850 standards. Another advantage is the use of branded, flexible, and durable gaskets in critical areas, enabling high negative pressures to be achieved without losses at the joints. Proven reliability, as confirmed by Polish users who enjoy trouble-free operation with our machines every day. Technical Specifications: MAX. AIRFLOW CAPACITY: 6,500 m3/h INLET DIAMETER: 250 mm OUTLET DIAMETER: 250 mm MOTOR SPEED: 2,850 rpm DIMENSIONS: 670 x 600 x 600 mm MOTOR POWER / VOLTAGE: 4.0 kW / 400 V WEIGHT: 53 kg Itsdpfsvuqyrsx Aa Njb

Kondisi: baru, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, FM350N fan is a highly attractive offer, providing an excellent price-to-performance ratio. The ability to connect four devices simultaneously, combined with its powerful motor, makes this unit indispensable in carpentry workshops. Machine specifications: MOTOR POWER: 3.8 kW SPEED: 2950 rpm EXTRACTION CAPACITY: 4860 m³/h INLET DIAMETER: 4x 100 mm / 1x 180 mm VOLTAGE / FREQUENCY: 3/400V Itsdevu Anuepfx Aa Nsb WEIGHT: 51 kg

Kondisi: baru, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, The FM 300SN fan and blower is a powerful device equipped with a 2.2 kW motor, achieving 2,850 rpm and delivering an impressive extraction capacity of 3,900 m³/h. With multiple inlet diameters and 3/400V voltage, it integrates perfectly with industrial machinery such as planers, jointers, thicknessers, milling machines, edgebanders, and panel saws. This not only guarantees clean air in the workspace but also increases the performance and efficiency of your machines. Choose the FM 300SN to improve your working environment and achieve better results. Motor Power: The FM 300SN blower features a robust 2.2 kW motor, ensuring efficient air movement. Rotational Speed: With an operating speed of 2,850 rpm, it provides effective air circulation throughout your facility. Extraction Capacity: Thanks to its impressive extraction rate of 3,900 m³/h, the FM 300SN efficiently removes hazardous fumes and dust from the air. Inlet Diameter: The fan is equipped with suction inlets of 3x100 mm and 1x150 mm, allowing seamless integration with various extraction systems. Voltage / Frequency: Operates at 3/400V for reliable, stable performance. This fan and blower is perfectly suited for use with machines such as: Planers Jointers Thicknessers Milling machines Edgebanders Itsdpfovu Amksx Aa Njb Panel saws Technical Specifications: MOTOR POWER 2.2 kW SPEED 2,850 rpm EXTRACTION CAPACITY 3,900 m³/h INLET DIAMETER 3x 100 mm / 1x 150 mm VOLTAGE / FREQUENCY 3/400V WEIGHT 30 kg

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, The CORMAK DC3000 model is an advanced cyclone dust extractor designed for intensive dust collection processes in the woodworking, furniture, and metal industries. Featuring a modern cyclone separator, a high-performance fan for wood shavings, and a dual filtration system, this machine ensures effective air purification from both fine and coarse dust particles. The DC3000 dust collector stands out with its automatic filter shaker and remote control, significantly enhancing everyday work comfort and efficiency. Technical Specifications Extraction capacity: 2000 – 7000 m³/h Fan speed: 2800 rpm Ijdowwtz Nspfx Aa Njtb Suction inlet diameter: 3 x 100 mm / 1 x 200 mm Number of containers: 2 Motor power: 3 kW / 400 V Dimensions: 1300 x 1000 x 2200 mm Weight: 219 kg Standard Equipment - Automatic filter shaker - Remote control - Pressure gauge - Dual filtration system (main and pre-filter) - Metal container under separator - Transport wheels

Kondisi: baru, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, The FM300N fan is an essential device for use in woodworking workshops. Despite its compact dimensions, it delivers excellent performance parameters. It is perfectly suited for operation with saws, planers, milling machines, and other woodworking equipment. Itodpfjvu Afgox Aa Nob Machine specifications: - Motor Power: 1.5 kW - Speed: 2850 rpm - Extraction Capacity: 2530 m³/h - Suction Port Diameter: 1 x 130 mm / 2 x 100 mm - Voltage / Frequency: 3/400V - Weight: 24 kg

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Adjustable extractor for lathes with a wheeled base, providing effective extraction of dust and chips. The set includes a 56-liter chip collection bag and a nozzle measuring 230 x 125 mm. An ideal choice for professional turners and hobbyists alike, ensuring cleanliness and safety in the workshop. Product features: The wood lathe chip extractor is a reliable tool that ensures efficient removal of dust and shavings during material processing. Its main feature is an adjustable nozzle, allowing precise customization of extraction performance to specific needs and working conditions. This makes it easy to maintain cleanliness around the lathe, eliminating potential health and safety risks. The extractor is equipped with a robust, wheeled base, enabling easy transport and positioning at various locations within the workshop. Whether the machine is used in a fixed position or requires frequent relocation, this extractor will meet mobility and user convenience expectations. The extractor kit includes a chip collection bag with a diameter of 380 mm and a length of 530 mm, offering a capacity of 56 liters. The large bag capacity allows for extended periods of operation without the need for frequent emptying. Additionally, the set features an extraction nozzle measuring 230 mm (length) by 125 mm (height), ensuring a secure and effective connection to the lathe. Ijdpfjvu Aprjx Aa Nstb Whether you are a professional turner or a hobbyist, this lathe extractor with an adjustable nozzle and mobile base will help you maintain workshop cleanliness and provide safe working conditions. This extractor is also suitable for use with: Planers Jointers Thicknessers Routers Edge banders Panel saws Technical data: MOTOR POWER: 0.75 kW VOLTAGE: 230V / 50Hz WASTE BAG CAPACITY: 56 l EXTRACTION CAPACITY: 1000 m3/h SUCTION NOZZLE DIAMETER: 100 mm FAN DIAMETER: 230 mm VACUUM: 1030 Pa SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL:

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Thermal winding overload protection. The extractor's design has been enhanced with additional anti-vibration feet at the base, ensuring stable and vibration-free operation of the device. The most powerful centrifugal fan, the FAN11, achieves a capacity of up to 15,445 m³/h. The centrifugal fan can transport air, chips, sawdust, dust, and other substances such as smoke or harmless gases. It is widely used for ventilation in industrial plants, sawmills, woodworking facilities, mining operations, large buildings, hotels, restaurants, and more. Thanks to its design and reinforced, balanced impeller with multiple blades, stable, quiet, and vibration-free operation is ensured. Itjdpfxjvugfwj Aa Njb High fan efficiency is achieved through the optimal shaping of the blades, which significantly reduces power consumption without compromising high performance. APPLICATIONS FOR THE FAN: - Industrial production of various materials - Air transport to dryers and drying systems - Woodworking – transport of chips, sawdust, and dust - Agricultural industry – transport of fine granulates - Manufacturing – transport of polystyrene granules, etc. - Automotive industry – transport of dusty air and debris.

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, The fan is designed on the basis of a radial impeller blade system and is intended for operation with waste generated during woodworking processes. High negative pressure and powerful motor output ensure consistent suction performance. Thanks to the extensive experience of the CORMAK team, the FAN series of radial fans has been developed. The design of a new technological line made it possible to create the LineWind metal turbine system. This is the key feature of the radial fans, which, thanks to the specially angled blade system, enables efficient extraction of various types of contaminants with increased suction power. The radial fan is intended for use in the woodworking, furniture, automotive, agricultural, and manufacturing industries. Itedpfevuggbjx Aa Njb Radial fans are used for: - Transport of chips, sawdust, and small granulates - Dust-laden air - Local extraction points - Drying systems - Dehumidifiers Multi-blade metal impeller! High efficiency guaranteed by the balanced impeller. Thermal protection of the winding against overload (thermal sensor). The extraction system is equipped with additional anti-vibration mounts in the base, ensuring stable and vibration-free operation of the device. An emergency stop button, compliant with PN-EN ISO 12100 and PN-EN ISO 13850 standards, immediately shuts down the machine. An additional advantage is the use of branded, flexible, and durable seals in critical locations, allowing for high vacuum performance without losses at individual connection points. Reliability is confirmed by Polish users who rely on our machines in daily operations. Technical specifications: MAX. AIRFLOW: 3,000 m³/h INLET DIAMETER: 150 mm OUTLET DIAMETER: 150 mm MOTOR SPEED: 2,850 rpm DIMENSIONS (LxWxH): 575 x 510 x 500 mm MOTOR POWER/VOLTAGE: 1.5 kW / 400 V WEIGHT: 32.5 kg

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, The most powerful centrifugal fan, the FAN5.5, reaches an airflow rate of up to 7,419 m³/h. The design of a new production line has enabled us to create the LineWind metal impeller system. This is the most important feature of our centrifugal fans, allowing for increased suction power to extract various types of contaminants, thanks to a special blade system that has been shaped at the optimal angle. The centrifugal fan can transport air, wood chips, sawdust, dust, and other substances such as smoke or non-hazardous gases. It is widely used for ventilation in industrial plants, sawmills, carpentry workshops, mining industry, large buildings, hotels, restaurants, and more. Thanks to its robust construction and reinforced, balanced impeller with multiple blades, it ensures stable, quiet, and vibration-free operation. The high efficiency of the fan, achieved through the optimal shaping of the blades, significantly reduces power consumption while maintaining its high performance. APPLICATIONS: - Manufacturing industry of various materials - Transport for dryers and drying systems - Carpentry – transport of chips, sawdust, and dust - Agricultural industry – transport of fine granulates Iedpfevugh Esx Aa Nstb - Production – transport of polystyrene granules, etc. - Automotive industry – extraction of dusty air, impurities Technical specifications: - MAX. AIRFLOW: up to 7,419 m³/h - INLET DIAMETER: 300 mm - OUTLET DIAMETER: 250 mm - PRESSURE: 2,014 – 1,320 Pa - DIMENSIONS: 750 x 750 x 830 mm - MOTOR POWER / VOLTAGE: 5.5 kW - WEIGHT: 110 kg

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Radial fan enables operation with increased vacuum power, allowing for the extraction of various types of contaminants thanks to a special blade system profiled at an optimal angle. The radial fan is designed for use in the woodworking, furniture, automotive, agricultural, and manufacturing industries. Thanks to the extensive experience of our CORMAK team, the FAN series of radial fans was developed. Designing a new technology line resulted in the creation of the LineWind metal turbine system. This is the most important feature of the radial fans, which allows for high-powered vacuum extraction of various contaminants due to the specially designed and profiled blades. The radial fan is intended for use in woodworking, furniture, automotive, agricultural, and manufacturing sectors. Radial fans are used for: conveying chips, sawdust, and fine granules handling dust-laden air Itodpfsvugg Uex Aa Neb localized extraction systems drying systems dehumidifiers Multi-blade metal impeller! High efficiency guaranteed by a dynamically balanced rotor. Thermal overload protection of the windings (thermal sensor). The extraction unit features additional anti-vibration feet at the base, ensuring stable and vibration-free operation. An emergency stop button compliant with PN-EN ISO 12100 and PN-EN ISO 13850 safety standards. Another advantage is the use of branded, flexible, and durable gaskets in critical areas, which ensure high negative pressure without losses at connection points. Reliability is proven by Polish users who enjoy trouble-free operation with our machines on a daily basis. Technical parameters MAX. AIRFLOW CAPACITY 4000 m³/h INLET DIAMETER 200 mm OUTLET DIAMETER 180 mm MOTOR ROTATION SPEED 2850 rpm DIMENSIONS 575 x 550 x 500 mm MOTOR POWER / VOLTAGE 2.2 kW / 400V WEIGHT 35.5 kg

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, The most powerful centrifugal fan, the FAN5500, achieves an impressive air flow rate of 8,000 m³/h. The high negative pressure generated by the specially angled blade system and powerful motor can handle even the most demanding tasks. Thanks to the extensive experience of our CORMAK team, the FAN series of centrifugal fans has been developed. Designing an entirely new technological line enabled us to create the LineWind metal turbine system. This is the most critical feature of our centrifugal fans, as it allows for increased suction power to extract various types of contaminants, thanks to the specially engineered, angled blades. The centrifugal fan has been designed for use in the woodworking, furniture manufacturing, automotive, agricultural, and production industries. Centrifugal fans are used for: transporting chips, sawdust, and small granules conveying dust-laden air local extraction systems drying systems dehumidifiers Multi-blade metal impeller! High efficiency ensured by a balanced rotor. Thermal overload protection of the winding (thermal sensor). The extraction system features additional anti-vibration feet at the base, ensuring stable and vibration-free operation. Emergency stop button compliant with PN-EN ISO 12100 and PN-EN ISO 13850 standards. An additional advantage is the use of branded, flexible, and durable gaskets in critical locations, allowing for high suction with no leakage at connection points. Iedpfx Aajvughlo Netb Reliability confirmed by Polish users who enjoy daily use of our machines. Technical Specifications: MAX. AIR FLOW: 8,000 m³/h INLET DIAMETER: 300 mm OUTLET DIAMETER: 250 mm MOTOR ROTATION SPEED: 2,850 rpm DIMENSIONS (L x W x H): 670 x 600 x 600 mm MOTOR POWER / VOLTAGE: 5.5 kW / 400 V WEIGHT: 55 kg

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, The FM 230N extraction blower fan is an efficient solution designed to provide continuous and effective air extraction. Equipped with a 0.75 kW motor, a rotational speed of 2,950 rpm, and an extraction capacity of 1,000 m³/h, this fan ensures optimal air circulation. Compatible with various ventilation systems, it operates on 230V power supply. The unit is also ideal for integration with industrial machines such as planers, jointers, thicknessers, milling machines, and edgebanders. Improve air quality in your workspace with the FM 230N extraction blower fan. Motor Power: The FM 230N extraction blower is fitted with a 0.75 kW motor, delivering excellent performance for efficient air circulation in enclosed environments. Speed: Operating at 2,950 rpm, the fan provides rapid and effective air extraction, ensuring high operational efficiency. Extraction Capacity: For those who require effective air extraction, the FM 230N offers a capacity of 1,000 m³/h, guaranteeing fresh and clean air in a short time. Inlet Diameter: The FM 230N is equipped with a 100 mm inlet, ensuring compatibility with various ventilation systems and facilitating flexible, straightforward installation. Voltage / Frequency: Powered at 230V, the FM 230N can be installed in most standard electrical setups, delivering reliable and stable performance. The extraction blower fan is especially well-suited for use with: - Planers - Jointers - Thicknessers - Milling machines - Edgebanders The FM 230N extraction blower fan is a reliable choice for users seeking a powerful and dependable air extraction solution. With its robust technical parameters and ability to operate effectively with industrial machinery, this product meets demanding expectations and helps improve air quality in any environment. Technical specifications: MOTOR POWER: 0.75 kW SPEED: 2,950 rpm EXTRACTION CAPACITY: 1,000 m³/h INLET DIAMETER: 100 mm VOLTAGE / FREQUENCY: 230V DIMENSIONS (LxWxH): 430 x 400 x 345 mm Iodpfjvu Ad Aex Aa Nstb WEIGHT: 14 kg

Kondisi: bekas, jarak tempuh: 103.459 km, daya: 231 kW (314,07 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 08/2007, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, bahan bakar: diesel, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, kelas emisi: Euro 5, panjang total: 9.000 mm, lebar total: 2.500 mm, tinggi total: 3.000 mm, Tahun pembuatan: 2007,

Kondisi: bekas, daya: 353 kW (479,95 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 12/2025, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, konfigurasi gandar: 3 gandar, warna: putih, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, kelas emisi: Euro 6, Tahun pembuatan: 2025,

Kondisi: baik (bekas), jarak tempuh: 1.580.973 km, daya: 353 kW (479,95 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 11/2019, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, ukuran ban: 385/65R22,5, konfigurasi gandar: 6x2, jarak roda: 5.300 mm, bahan bakar: diesel, warna: putih, kabin pengemudi: kabin tidur, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, jumlah gigi: 12, kelas emisi: Euro 6, suspensi: udara, jumlah tempat duduk: 2, panjang total: 10.700 mm, lebar total: 2.600 mm, tinggi total: 4.130 mm, panjang ruang muatan: 8.100 mm, lebar ruang muat: 2.480 mm, tinggi ruang muatan: 2.600 mm, Tahun pembuatan: 2019, Perlengkapan: ABS, kendali jelajah, kontrol traksi, kopling trailer, kunci sentral, pemanas parkir, pendingin udara, pengaturan jendela elektrik, spion elektrik,

Kondisi: bekas, Filter hisap dengan 60 selongsong dan 5 kantong, lengkap dengan penghisap 9 kW dan panel kontrol, bekas pakai. Itsdpfjxlb Siox Aa Nob Tinggi setelah dirakit: 3,65 meter

Kondisi: baik (bekas), jarak tempuh: 200.958 km, daya: 294 kW (399,73 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 10/1999, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, konfigurasi gandar: 6x6, bahan bakar: diesel, warna: oranye, tipe perpindahan gigi: semi-otomatis, jumlah gigi: 16, kelas emisi: euro2, suspensi: baja, volume ruang muat: 12 m³, Tahun pembuatan: 1999, Perlengkapan: pendingin udara, pengaturan jendela elektrik,

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), jarak tempuh: 133.000 km, daya: 294 kW (399,73 hp), pendaftaran pertama: 12/2016, jenis bahan bakar: diesel, konfigurasi gandar: 8x2, bahan bakar: diesel, rem: pengereman mesin, warna: biru, kabin pengemudi: kabin harian, tipe perpindahan gigi: mekanis, jumlah gigi: 16, kelas emisi: Euro 6, panjang total: 11.610 mm, lebar total: 2.550 mm, tinggi total: 3.700 mm, volume ruang muat: 15 m³, Tahun pembuatan: 2016, Perlengkapan: ABS, kendali jelajah, kunci sentral, lampu kabut, pendingin udara, pengaturan jendela elektrik, sistem navigasi, spion elektrik,

Kondisi: baru, jarak tempuh: 11 km, daya: 353 kW (479,95 hp), jenis bahan bakar: diesel, konfigurasi gandar: 3 gandar, warna: putih, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, kelas emisi: Euro 6, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Perlengkapan: pendingin udara, program stabilitas elektronik (ESP), sistem navigasi,

Kondisi: baru, jarak tempuh: 11 km, daya: 353 kW (479,95 hp), jenis bahan bakar: diesel, konfigurasi gandar: 3 gandar, warna: putih, tipe perpindahan gigi: otomatis, kelas emisi: Euro 6, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Perlengkapan: pendingin udara, program stabilitas elektronik (ESP), sistem navigasi,