Beli Diskus Penggiling Permukaan bekas (7.730)

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1999, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang penggilingan: 400 mm, lebar penggilingan: 200 mm, tinggi total: 2.250 mm, panjang total: 2.000 mm, lebar total: 3.050 mm, tinggi penggerindaan: 300 mm, For sale: CNC surface grinding machine by Geibel + Hotz, model FS 415-Z SL The machine is immediately ready for use and fully operational. Technical data: Year of manufacture: 1999 Grinding area: 400 x 200 x 300 mm Operating voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz / 3 phase Control voltage: 2300/24 V Grinding spindle motor: 2 kW Fodjuy Tkzopfx Alyogf Table drive: electro-mechanical Cross feed drive: electro-mechanical Wheel bore: 51 mm Clamping width: min. 10 mm / max. 30 mm Taper: > D = 25 mm Mounting flange: Da = 108 mm Grinding wheel: 225 x 25 x 51 mm Clamping area: 400 x 200 mm Dressing diamond: 0.75 carat Belt filter: available Space requirement: 2000 x 3050 x 2250 mm Transport and loading can be organized Europe-wide upon request and at extra cost. All prices plus VAT. Inspection possible by appointment. Please contact us – our team will be happy to assist you. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machinery Purchase / Sales PURCHASE / SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINERY AND MORE. Are you looking for a high-quality, yet cost-effective metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell your machine? For more information or contact options, please visit our website.

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1989, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang pemakanan sumbu X: 650 mm, panjang umpan sumbu Y: 400 mm, panjang umpan sumbu Z: 230 mm, kecepatan spindel (maks.): 3.000 rpm, For sale is a surface grinding machine by Okamoto, model PSG 52 UDX. The machine is well-maintained and ready for immediate operation. Technical specifications: Year of manufacture: 1989 Grinding area: - X-axis: 650 mm (manual) - Z-axis: 230 mm - Y-axis: 47 mm – 400 mm Max. vertical movement (underside of new wheel, Ø 205 mm; min./max. table) Grinding wheel diameter: max. Ø 225 mm Speed range: 3,000 rpm (infinitely variable speed control) Table feed: 0.3 – 25 m/min (hydraulic, X-axis) Table grinding surface: 550 x 200 mm Magnetic chuck: 500 x 200 mm (standard size) (Max. load incl. magnet: 200 kg) On request, transport and loading can be organised throughout Europe for an additional charge. All prices are subject to VAT. Inspection possible by appointment. Please contact us—our team will be happy to assist you. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machinery purchase/sale PURCHASE / SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINES AND MORE. Are you looking for a high-quality yet affordable metalworking machine for your production? Or are you looking to sell yours? Fgedpfx Aswnnbrslysf For more information or contact options, visit our website.

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1971, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, For sale is a surface grinding machine by Aba, model FF600/30, year 1971. Fjdpeqzhqbofx Alyegf The machine is fully functional and ready for operation. Technical data: Grinding length: 600 mm Grinding width: 250 mm Workpiece height: 400 mm Grinding wheel: 300 x 30 x 51 mm Voltage: 380 V Power: 5.82 kW Weight: 1.7 t Coolant system 2x grinding wheel arbors On request, disassembly, loading, and transport throughout Europe can be organized at additional cost. Prices are plus VAT. Glnld8 Inspection possible by appointment. Please contact us—our team will be happy to assist you. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machinery purchase / sale PURCHASE / SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINES AND MORE. Are you looking for a high-quality yet affordable metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell yours? For more information or contact options, please visit our website.

Kondisi: bekas, Fungsionalitas: fungsi terbatas, nomor mesin/kendaraan: FS 40, tinggi total: 420 mm, For sale: Geibel & Hotz Surface Grinding Machine The Z-axis feed has an issue; otherwise, the machine is in good condition. Technical Data: Slide / X-Axis: - Max. table stroke: 420 mm - Min. table stroke: 150 mm - Table strokes/min (at 400 mm stroke): max. 54 - Overall length with all covers: 420 mm - Z-Axis: 205 mm - Cover: FS 40 - Number of mounting plates: 2 - Length: 1270 mm Cross Lead Screw: - Pitch: Tr. 30 x 3 - Handwheel graduation: 1 revolution = 3 mm - Handwheel limit switch: P - U1ST - Fine adjustment: 0.020 mm - Lubrication - Lead screw nut: Flat guide: good Dimensions: - Overall height (with spindle guard): 2250 mm - Height without spindle guard: 1850 mm - Table width: 600 mm - Total width: 1720 mm - Table depth: 1310 mm Fgjdpfov E Hn Tox Alyef Transport and loading can be organized throughout Europe for an additional charge upon request. Prices are subject to VAT. Viewing available by appointment. Please contact us—our team will be pleased to assist you. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machine Purchasing & Sales PURCHASE / SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINES AND MORE. Are you looking for a high-quality yet affordable metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell your machine? For more information or contact options, please visit our website.

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1987, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang penggilingan: 1.000 mm, lebar penggilingan: 510 mm, tinggi total: 2.400 mm, panjang total: 5.500 mm, lebar total: 2.500 mm, tinggi penggerindaan: 300 mm, diameter roda gerinda: 400 mm, panjang meja: 1.000 mm, beban meja: 400 kg, lebar meja: 510 mm, lebar roda gerinda: 80 mm, For sale is our reliable surface grinding machine from Elb Schliff, model Orion 1052 NPC -1. The machine is fully operational and ready for immediate use. Technical data: Magnetic table (LxW): 1000 x 510 mm Grinding wheel diameter: 400 mm Grinding wheel width: 80 mm Max. grinding height: 300 mm Coolant system included Fodpfxjtr D A De Alyegf Loading and transport can be arranged upon request for an additional charge. All prices are plus VAT. Inspection possible by appointment. Please contact us – our team is happy to assist you. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machinery Purchase & Sales PURCHASE / SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINES AND MORE. Are you looking for a high-quality yet affordable metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell yours?

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1986, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang penggilingan: 600 mm, lebar penggilingan: 400 mm, tinggi penggerindaan: 580 mm, For sale: Surface grinding machine from Aba, model FP-60/40 The machine is in good condition and fully operational. Technical data: Year of manufacture: 1986 Grinding area (max. L x W): 600 x 400 mm Table surface ground: 600 x 300 mm Clamping surface (max.): 1020 x 300 mm Distance spindle center to table: max. 750 mm X-axis (longitudinal movement): - Hydraulic longitudinal travel max.: 720 mm - Longitudinal feed speed: 3–30 m/min Z-axis (cross movement): - Electro-mechanical cross travel max.: 360 mm - Intermittent cross feed: 3–30 mm/pulse - Cross traverse: 1.5 m/min Y-axis (vertical movement): - Vertical movement max.: 580 mm - Rapid vertical traverse: 0.250 m/min - Automatic vertical feed, adjustable from/to: 0.001–0.999 mm Grinding wheel diameter: 400 mm Width: 50 mm (max. 60 mm) Bore: 127 mm Grinding motor (standard), 50 Hz: 11 kW Grinding motor speed, 50 Hz: 1450 rpm Grinding motor, regulated speed at 3000 rpm: 11 kW Power consumption: approx. 14 kVA Weight: 3,500 kg Transport and loading can be organized at extra cost, Europe-wide. Prices excluding VAT. Inspection possible by appointment. Contact us—our team is happy to assist. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machinery purchase / sale PURCHASE / SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINES AND MORE. Are you looking for a high-quality yet affordable metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell yours? Fsdpfxeuy S S Ds Alysgf For more information and contact options, please visit our website.

Kondisi: bekas, Surface grinding machine, precision surface grinding machine BRAND (Switzerland) Type Mini 500 Fgodpfed Nrqfsx Alyjf Machine no.: 505/86 Year of manufacture: 1986 Electro-magnetic chuck 450 x 200 mm Grinding length 500 mm Grinding width 240 mm Cross traverse 220 mm Table longitudinal travel 550 mm Distance spindle center to magnet max. 350 mm Grinding wheel diameter 225 mm Grinding wheel width max. 25 mm Grinding wheel bore 50.8 mm Table feed (longitudinal) stepless 0.5-24 m/min Table cross feed (impulse) 0.05-30 mm Rapid cross feed 10 - 1000 mm/min Vertical infeed 0.001 - 0.05 mm Vertical rapid feed 600 mm/min Grinding wheel speed 2820 rpm Grinding wheel velocity 33 m/s Grinding spindle motor output 2.2 kW Hydraulic motor output 1.1 kW Power supply 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 9.5 kVA - automatic depth infeed, vertical infeed - mechanical handwheels for axis movement - hydraulic table longitudinal movement - electromagnetic chuck WAGNER 450 x 200 mm, height 73 mm - central lubrication - band filter unit with coolant tank and pump, external (L x W x H = 1300 x 500 x 650 mm) - 2 additional grinding wheel mounts for wheels with 50.8 mm bore - 1 balancing arbor and 1 wheel dresser - external hydraulic unit (L x W x H = 700 x 300 x 750 mm) Space requirement (L x W x H) 2000 x 1400 x 2250 mm Weight approx. 1600 kg Good condition

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2008, Traverse paths X/Y/Z: 900 x 400 x 200 mm Fgodpfx Alsv Irwrjyjf Table size: 800 x 400 mm

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1973, Grinding length 500 mm Grinding width 230 mm Table size 760 x 200 mm Automatic feed Magnetic chuck Fgodown Tdxopfx Alysf Filtration system

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2008, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 350007, laju pemakanan gandar Y: 2 m/menit, panjang meja: 1.200 mm, beban meja: 1.500 kg, lebar meja: 800 mm, 1 Fsdpjxm R Dksfx Alysgf

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1989, Well-maintained used GEIBEL+HOTZ surface grinding machine, model FS 50 SA Grinding area: 500 x 250 x 375 mm Vertical automatic feed Equipped with a fine-pole electromagnetic chuck Grinding wheel diameter: 300 x 50 x 76.2 mm Includes paper band filtration system and manual dresser (top-mounted) Various grinding wheels and flanges included Weight: approx. 2,400 kg Fgsdpfx Aljwq Nc Noyjf Required floor space: approx. 2,500 x 1,800 x 2,500 mm (height) The machine is located at our facility in 71334 Waiblingen-Beinstein and can of course be inspected. Please contact us for further details.

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2017, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, jam operasional: 2.600 h, model controller: Fanuc 32 C, jenis kontrol: Kontrol CNC, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, Standard programs such as parameter settings Dressing settings Speed settings Program management settings X + Y travel limit settings Basic parameter settings Grinding wheel management program Warm-up cycle program Flat plunge grinding program Measuring program 15 kVA transformer Full enclosure Meister G3 Spindle upgrade to 3.7 kW, wheel 225 ETHER interface for network connection Fgjdew I Tt Sopfx Alysf Control module with extended memory Fanuc Macro B option Batch program creation Programmable spindle speed WinWop contour creation program for Windows WINWop error compensation program WinWop postprocessor CGS Complete Grinding Solutions software Dressing option Swivelling profile dresser Diamond dressing wheel VPA 100 L pre-dressing device 100 mm diamond wheel for pre-dressing device Regrinding package Diamond grade G3 / W Option - Clamping and Balancing Magnetic chuck 400 x 200 400 mm stop bar with V-block Fully automatic balancing device size 1 Grinding wheel flange for G3, bore 51 Option - Filtration systems Band filter system 175 l Emulsion mist extraction unit 500 Inquiries only from Europe - preferably EU

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1972, technical-details-grinding-wheel-diameter-400-mm-total-connected -load-3-kw-machine-weight-approx-1-5-t-space-requirement-approx-1 -5-x-1-4-x-1-3-m-gear-profile-grinding-machine-reishauer-am-max-g rinding-wheel-width-104-mm-max-grinding-wheel-diameter-400-mm-max -module-7-min-module-0-5-pressure-angle-10-30-degrees-grinding-wo rm-diameter-270-400-mm-max-grinding-worm-width-62-84-104-mm-grind ing-worm-speeds-for-profiling-18-35-70-rpm-electrical-specs-volta ge-frequency-380-50-v-hz-dressing-device-longitudinal-travel-156- mm Fgedpfxswi Ni Tj Alyef

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1996, jam operasional: 5.592 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, DETAIL TEKNIS Panjang penggerindaan: 1.200 mm Lebar penggerindaan: 450 mm Ukuran maksimal batu gerinda: 400 x 60 x 127 mm Jarak batu gerinda ke magnet maks.: sekitar 400 mm Fedpfjx E U A Dex Alyogf DETIL MESIN Dimensi & Berat Dimensi (P x L x T): 4.000 x 2.300 x 2.400 mm Berat: 5.800 kg Jam Operasional Jam putaran spindel: 5.592 jam Waktu operasi: 44.885 jam PERLENGKAPAN Pelat magnetik 1.200 x 500 mm Batu gerinda Borazon (terpasang)

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1968, Grinding length: 500 mm Grinding width: 200 mm Workpiece height: 250 mm Spindle speed: 1000 – 4000 rpm Table clamping surface: 600 x 200 mm Fgsdpswuuwyofx Alyof Grinding wheel dimensions: 225 x 20 x 51 mm Grinding spindle drive: 1.5 kW Table feed: 1 – 20 m/min Total power requirement: 2.6 kW Machine weight: approx. 2 t Space requirement: approx. 2.6 x 1.6 x 1.8 m Automatic infeed; 2-axis digital readout; stepless speed control; Water-cooled sine plate magnetic chuck 400 x 135 mm; 10 mm pole pitch Sony digital readout with linear scales for cross and vertical adjustment Swivelling wheel dresser on grinding head Table reversal via contactless inductive switches LOSMA belt filter coolant system

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1996, 001 Fsdpfx Ajxx A Dmolyegf

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1984, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 1984, Tangential surface grinder, second-hand Brand: Txurtxil Model: NX Machine serial number: 1984 All automatic movements, including the Z axis. Specifications: Fgjdpfx Aljrfwzlsyof Grinding capacity: 600x300 mm Magnetic table dimensions: 500x200 mm Power supply: 380V three-phase Total power: 7 HP

Kondisi: baik (bekas), tinggi total: 1.900 mm, panjang total: 2.180 mm, lebar total: 1.575 mm, berat benda kerja (maks.): 250 kg, jarak meja ke pusat spindel: 457 mm, berat keseluruhan: 2.900 kg, kecepatan spindle penggilingan: 3.450 rpm, Chevalier FSG-3A818 Surface Grinder with Automatic Z-Axis Manufacturer: Chevalier Model: FSG-3A818 Serial number: M3905002 Automatic vertical (Z-axis) downfeed. Table dimensions: 203 x 557 mm Magnetic chuck: 200 x 450 mm Maximum grinding travel (X, Y): 457 x 203 mm Distance from table to spindle centre: 457 mm Longitudinal movement: - Speeds: 5 to 25 m/min - Maximum manual travel: 530 mm; hydraulic travel: 500 mm Cross movement: - Maximum movement speed: 960 mm/min - Automatic feed increments: 0.4 to 6 mm Vertical movement: - Automatic feed: 0.002 to 0.04 mm Spindle speed: 3450 rpm Total power: approx. 3.7 kW Wheel diameter: 203 mm Maximum workpiece capacity: 250 kg (including magnetic table) Dimensions (LxWxH): 2180 x 1575 x 1900 mm Weight: 2900 kg Fgsdpfx Alowwrd Neyof

Kondisi: bekas, Surface grinder Brand: Ger Model: RS-75/35 3 automatic axes (X, Y, Z) Technical Specifications Low column design: - Maximum grinding area: 750x375mm (X, Y) - Distance from table to wheel center: 525mm - Table speed: 2 to 32m/min - Maximum table travel: 800mm - Maximum workpiece weight: 500kg - Magnetic chuck: 700x250mm Cross travel: - Maximum cross movement: 350mm - Rapid cross feed: 1.5m/min - Automatic cross feed: 2 to 60mm/rev. - Handwheel per revolution: 3mm - Handwheel graduation: 0.02mm Vertical movement: - Rapid vertical feed: 200mm - Handwheel per revolution: 0.24mm - Handwheel graduation: 0.002mm - Grinding wheel dimensions: 300x50x76.2mm Motors: Fgsdpfewx Nlmex Alyof - Spindle: 6Hp - Pump: 3Hp - Feeds: 0.75kW - Total: 7.5KVA Weight: 3,700kg Dimensions: 2,400x1,850x2,300mm

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang penggilingan: 650 mm, lebar penggilingan: 300 mm, diameter roda gerinda: 160 mm, berat keseluruhan: 2.550 kg, daya: 4 kW (5,44 hp), Brand: CCP - STANKOIMPORT Model: 3E711B Grinding dimensions: 650x300mm (X, Y) - 320mm (Z) Magnetic table surface: 630x200mm Maximum table load: 150kg Distance spindle axis to table surface: 80 - 445mm Fgedjqy H Dpopfx Alyof Maximum wheelhead travel: 365mm Manual table travel: (700mm, 250mm) Table longitudinal feed speed: 2 - 30 m/min Cross feed speed: 0.01 - 1.5 m/min Vertical feed graduation: 0.002mm Micrometric vertical feed graduation: 0.0005mm Cross feed graduation: 0.5mm Micrometric cross feed graduation: 0.001mm Cross travel per handwheel revolution: 5mm Vertical travel per handwheel revolution: 0.20mm Automatic cross feed (longitudinal table stroke): 0.2 - 30mm Automatic wheelhead feed: 0.002 - 0.08mm Grinding wheel dimensions: 250x76x40mm Minimum grinding wheel diameter: 160mm Spindle motor: 4kW Weight: 2550 kg.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Grinding range 600 x 460 mm Fodpfjmmdhrjx Alyjgf Grinding wheel diameter 250 mm Magnetic chuck 500 x 250 mm Various accessories MARCELS MASCHINEN CH

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang penggilingan: 340 mm, lebar penggilingan: 170 mm, tinggi total: 730 mm, panjang total: 930 mm, lebar total: 780 mm, The G115 surface grinder is a compact grinding machine designed for processing the circumference or end face of the grinding wheel on horizontal or vertical surfaces of a workpiece. With the use of fixtures or profiled grinding wheels, it can also handle inclined or contoured surfaces. This machine is ideally suited for small businesses, the maintenance industry, home workshops, laboratories, instructional demonstrations, and more. TECHNICAL DATA Maximum stock removal: no more than 0.03 mm Maximum peripheral speed of the grinding wheel: 35 m/s Table size: 152×304 mm Maximum grinding height: 210 mm Longitudinal stroke of the worktable: 340 mm Cross stroke of the worktable: 170 mm Table T-slot: 1-12 mm Grinding wheel outer diameter × bore × thickness: 180×32×13 mm Grinding head motor: 550 W / 220 V Vertical feed handwheel graduation: 0.025 mm Lateral feed handwheel graduation: 0.02 mm Net / gross weight: 210 / 260 kg Machine dimensions: 930×780×730 mm Packaging dimensions: 1100×760×860 mm The worktable can be moved forward and backward as well as left and right. The grinding head can be raised and lowered vertically. High rigidity throughout the machine. Smooth-running grinding head. Compact design and low noise emission. Work enclosure available separately. Fsdpsxb Uq Dsfx Alysgf The machine is lubricated via a manual oil pump. Lubrication requires only pulling out the handle. If you require special accessories to improve work efficiency, please contact customer service. (Special accessories must be purchased separately.) PRODUCT INFORMATION: At the proximal end of the main spindle, the radial runout of the taper bore axis is 0.01~0.02 mm at a distance of 100 mm.

Kondisi: diremaj di bengkel (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2006, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang pemakanan sumbu X: 750 mm, panjang umpan sumbu Y: 340 mm, panjang umpan sumbu Z: 525 mm, berat benda kerja (maks.): 420 kg, tinggi penggerindaan: 455 mm, diameter roda gerinda: 350 mm, jarak meja ke pusat spindel: 455 mm, panjang meja: 600 mm, beban meja: 420 kg, jenis arus masuk: AC (pendingin udara), lebar meja: 300 mm, lebar roda gerinda: 40 mm, kecepatan spindel (maks.): 1.500 rpm, berat keseluruhan: 2.500 kg, Precision surface grinding machine "OKAMOTO mod. ACC-63DX BV" equipped with digital readout on the wheel down-feed axis and on the cross-feed axis of the table. Fedpeu T N Igefx Alyegf

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, J.S. MODEL 1400X SURFACE GRINDER MAX. GRINDING LENGTH x WIDTH: 609 x 200 mm Fjdpfx Aoq T Iy Tslyegf DISTANCE BETWEEN TABLE AND WHEEL: 375 mm GRINDING WHEEL DIMENSIONS: 250 x 19 x 76 mm INCLUDED OPTIONS: COOLANT TANK, OPTIDRESS WHEEL DRESSER

Kondisi: perlu perbaikan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2000, Fungsionalitas: tidak berfungsi, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 49299, diameter meja putar: 600 mm, tinggi penggerindaan: 400 mm, berat benda kerja (maks.): 300 kg, diameter penggilingan: 500 mm, diameter benda kerja (maks.): 500 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Workpiece diameter: 500 mm Workpiece weight: 300 kg Workpiece height: 400 mm Grinding diameter: 500 mm Grinding height: 400 mm Table load capacity: 300 kg Magnetic rotary table diameter: 600 mm Rotary table speed: 20–80 rpm Y-axis Max. feed rate: 300 mm/min Incremental position measurement system, rotary encoder, resolution: 0.001 mm Z-axis Max. automatic cross travel: 330 mm Cross feed rate: 4–1,500 mm/min, adjustable Incremental position measurement system, rotary encoder, resolution: 0.001 mm Grinding spindle taper: 60 mm Grinding wheel: 400 x 100 x 127 mm MACHINE DETAILS Total power requirement: 18 kW Fgedpfx Aoxr U T Tslyef Grinding spindle drive: 10 kW Space requirement approx.: 2,500 x 2,700 x 2,800 mm Dimensions of control cabinet (L x H x D): 1,600 x 2,200 x 500 mm EQUIPMENT Coolant system with paper band filter Grinding program NK Electronically switchable handwheel for B-Y-Z axes Machine enclosure with manually operated sliding door for loading and unloading Note: The frequency converter for the grinding spindle is defective. An offer from ELB is available (cost €3,712.50 + packaging and shipping).