Beli Scm Tech 99 bekas (585)

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2020, CNC-CONTROLLED MACHINING CENTER WITH MULTIFUNCTION TABLE - WORK CELL VERSION X400 CELL Drilling and Milling Made for You! The numerically controlled machining center comes equipped with a comprehensive range of accessories and tooling for milling and drilling, designed to meet any requirement in the processing of wood and similar materials. - High-performance: Equipped with drilling spindles capable of 8,000 rpm and industry-leading spindle technology, it features the most robust spindle currently available on the market, offering over 1,000 hours of maintenance-free operation. Csdpfx Agsvvi N Ij Derb - Superior and more comprehensively equipped: Multiple configuration options via the multifunction table ensure the machine can be optimally adapted to any operational requirement. - Easier and more intuitive programming thanks to the integrated MAESTRO CNC CAD-CAM module. - User-friendly: The worktable is accessible at all times, the control cabinet and vacuum pump are integrated, and in the PRO SPACE configuration, there are no protective barriers. Load-Bearing Structure The supporting structure consists of an exceptionally robust monolithic steel base, heavily ribbed and highly rigid; the particularly wide support surface was specially designed to give the machine stability and to maintain ongoing precision under all working conditions, with no need for anchoring to the floor. The base provides a large, solid platform for the moving gantry: the work unit thus benefits from a balanced, stable, and resilient support capable of withstanding heavy use, resulting in higher quality performance and increased accuracy. The moving gantry itself is a sturdy single piece anchored on both sides of the base and runs on top-grade prismatic linear guides with recirculating ball shoes. The dual drive system on the X-axis delivers peak performance even under heavy-duty conditions. The movement of the lower mobile unit (X-axis) and the working unit along the beam of the mobile unit (Y-axis) is driven by helical rack and pinion transmission, offering increased tooth-to-tooth engagement for higher acceleration and greater speed along both the X and Y axes. The specially designed helical teeth ensure reduced wear of mechanical parts and significantly quieter operation. The vertical Z-axis is driven by a recirculating ball screw, engineered to deliver perfect balance under dynamic load and handle both rapid acceleration and deceleration. The main milling unit is directly coupled to the Z-axis slide, ensuring the highest quality of finishing work by completely eliminating potential vibrations. Movement along the X-Y-Z axes is driven by brushless motors powered by static inverters, which provide: - Reduced processing times thanks to improved acceleration - Increased positioning accuracy due to high-resolution encoders - No need for setup resetting when the machine is powered on thanks to absolute encoders - Minimal maintenance, as the brushless system eliminates the need for brushes Axis movement and all machine work functions are managed via an industrial NS module with digital D...

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1999, Lokasi gudang: Nattheim Crjdpfjvvi Rxjx Ag Deb

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2019, including tools CNC CONTROLLED MACHINING CENTER Morbidelli M100 Drilling and Milling - Made for You! This numerically controlled machining center is equipped with a comprehensive range of tools for milling and drilling, capable of meeting every woodworking requirement. - Maximum performance - with drilling spindles at 8,000 rpm and cutting-edge technology, featuring the most robust spindle available on the market, with over 1,000 hours of maintenance-free operation. - Optimal and fully equipped - the suction cups can be individually configured with the TV FLEX worktable to tailor the machine to specific requirements. - Easy and intuitive programming thanks to the integrated Cad-Cam MAESTRO CNC software. - User-friendly operation: the lowered machine frame allows full access to the worktable at any time. The control cabinet and vacuum pump are integrated into the machine bed, and in the PRO SPACE variant, no additional structural safety measures are necessary. Supporting Structure The supporting structure consists of an exceptionally sturdy monolithic steel base, highly ribbed and robust. The particularly wide base provides the machine with exceptional stability, ensuring consistent precision under all working conditions. The machine does not need to be anchored to the floor. The base forms a large and solid support for the movable gantry: the working unit is equipped with a balanced, stable, and resilient support that withstands the highest loads, ensuring superior performance and greater accuracy. The moving gantry consists of a solid, single piece anchored to the base and travels on high-quality prismatic guide rails with ball bearing blocks. The working unit is mounted on it and moves along the Y and Z axes, also on prismatic guides with ball bearing blocks. Movement of the lower moving unit (X-axis) and the working unit along the traverse of the moving unit (Y-axis) is achieved via helical rack and pinion drive, resulting in increased tooth-on-tooth engagement for greater acceleration and higher speed along the X and Y axes. The specifically designed helical gearing reduces wear on mechanical components and ensures quieter operation. The vertical Z axis is driven by a recirculating ball screw, providing perfect balance under dynamic load and strong acceleration/deceleration. The main milling unit is directly connected to the Z-axis carriage, ensuring highly precise finishing as vibrations are completely eliminated. Travel along the X-Y-Z axes is powered by brushless motors driven by static inverters, offering: - Reduced machining times thanks to improved acceleration - Better positioning accuracy due to high-resolution encoders - No setup required when powering the machine up, thanks to absolute encoders - Elimination of routine maintenance, as the brushless system contains no brushes Management of axis movement and, in general, the machine's operating elements is handled via an e Crsdpfx Agjvvi Sco Dsb

Kondisi: bekas, Lokasi gudang: Nattheim Credswkirqspfx Ag Deb

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, ketebalan tepi (maks.): 45 mm, tinggi total: 1.650 mm, panjang total: 2.800 mm, lebar total: 1.220 mm, berat keseluruhan: 660 kg, Perlengkapan: Penandaan CE, dokumentasi / manual, Edge banding bekas setelah pemeriksaan teknis. - Produksi Italia - Tidak dicat ulang - Kondisi sangat baik - Edge banding bekas Spesifikasi Teknis Perlengkapan: - Piring tempat kerja - Tangki lem (granulat) - Guillotine – pemotongan awal edging - Unit gergaji untuk pemotongan akhir pinggiran - 2 unit profiling tepi atas/bawah - 2 scraper – untuk menghilangkan kelebihan lem - 2 mesin pemoles - Ketebalan maksimum benda kerja: 45 mm - Lebar minimum benda kerja: 50 mm - Panjang minimum benda kerja: 150 mm - Diameter port hisap: 60 mm - Tekanan angin tekan: 6 bar Dimensi keseluruhan: - Panjang: 2800 mm - Lebar: 1220 mm - Tinggi: 1650 mm - Berat: 660 kg Di mana Anda dapat melihat mesin kami? JBS MESIN PENGOLAHAN KAYU WOLICA DRUGA 26 23-310 MODLIBORZYCE VOIVODESHIP LUBLIN Credpfx Asy Iv R Uog Dob

Tahun pembuatan: 2008, Kondisi: bekas, mortise-spindle-0 Credpfx Ajy Hpk Esg Deb

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2008, sackson-width-planing-410mm Cedey Hpkfopfx Ag Dorb

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2006, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Identifikasi mesin Model: SCM Sigma Plus 125 P 45 Tipe: panel saw industri tugas berat dengan platform pengangkat Produsen: SCM Group S.p.A., Italia Nomor seri: AE/028708 Tahun pembuatan: 2006 (mesin bekas) Kondisi: panel saw industri bekas Cedpfx Agjy Iwy De Dsrb Perlengkapan utama / konfigurasi Meja bantalan udara depan tetap dengan pelapis bakelite dan penahan Tiga meja bantalan udara bergerak dengan pelapis bakelite Perangkat penyelarasan otomatis pneumatik Sistem penggantian pisau gergaji cepat Pengangkatan pisau utama secara independen Rel linear presisi THK Empat penjepit tambahan di zona penyetelan siku Ekstensi pisau gergaji yang dioptimalkan Antarmuka operator PC berbahasa Inggris

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2006, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Used Throughfeed CNC Drilling and Panel Processing Center Crodpfxjy Iww No Ag Dsb Year of manufacture: 2006 The SCM Morbidelli UNIX NS is an industrial-grade, throughfeed CNC processing center designed for efficient and continuous panel processing. This machine is a reliable choice for high-volume drilling applications and automated machining tasks. Machine Identification Model: Morbidelli UNIX NS Type: Throughfeed CNC Drilling and Panel Processing Center Manufacturer: SCM Group S.p.A., Italy Serial number: AL/007960 Year of manufacture: 2006 Condition: Used, industrial-grade CNC processing center Main Features Upper drilling head: 30 vertical spindles (6+2 configuration) Lower drilling head: 30 vertical spindles (6+2 configuration) Throughfeed design with automatic loading and automatic unloading Clamping conveyor system with 4 clamps for stable and secure panel fixation PC-Office numerical control with brushless drive technology Brief Description The machine's design enables fast, precise, and continuous operation, making it an ideal choice for furniture and panel cutting production facilities. Automatic material handling, double-sided drilling units, and the stable clamping system contribute to higher productivity and consistent machining quality.

Kondisi: bekas, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, ketebalan tepi (maks.): 3 mm, Gebrauchte einseitige automatische Kantenanleimmaschine Die SCM Olimpic K208 ist eine zuverlässige, industrietaugliche automatische Kantenanleimmaschine, die für präzise und kontinuierliche Kantenbearbeitung von Möbelplatten und anderen Holzwerkstoffplatten konzipiert ist. Sie eignet sich zum Verarbeiten von Melamin, PVC, Furnier und Rollenmaterialien und ist somit eine ausgezeichnete Wahl für Schreinereien, Möbelhersteller und kleine Produktionslinien. Hauptmerkmale Typ: Einseitige automatische Kantenanleimmaschine Hersteller: SCM Group, Italien Modell: Olimpic K208 Anwendung: Kantenanleimung von Möbelplatten und Holzwerkstoffplatten Verarbeitbare Kantenmaterialien: Melamin, PVC, Furnier, Rollen-Kantenband Technische Daten Plattendicke: 10–55 mm Credjy Iwu Uepfx Ag Dob Plattendicke mit Profilaggregat: 10–45 mm Kantenbanddicke: ca. 0,4–10 mm Mindestwerkstücklänge: 140 mm Vorschubgeschwindigkeit: ca. 11 m/min Mindestwerkstückbreite: je nach Konfiguration ca. 100–130 mm (in manchen Inseraten min. 65 mm) Standardausstattung Leimaggregat Front-/Rückenzuschnitt (Kappaggregat) Oben- und unten-Besäumungs-/Fräsaggregat Eckenrundungsaggregat (bei bestimmten Ausführungen) Ziehklingen- und Poliereinheit Obere Andruckbalken Kettenvorschubsystem Die SCM Olimpic K208 ist eine kompakte und dennoch leistungsstarke Lösung für Kantenanleimarbeiten. Ihre robuste Bauweise, das durchgängige Vorschubsystem und die bekannte Zuverlässigkeit der SCM-Maschinen machen sie zur idealen Wahl für den industriellen Dauereinsatz – insbesondere in der plattenbezogenen Möbelfertigung.

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2006, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, tegangan masuk: 400 V, frekuensi input: 50 Hz, jenis arus masuk: tiga fasa, ketinggian potong (maks.): 360 mm, lebar pemotongan (maks.): 580 mm, Perlengkapan: Penandaan CE, dokumentasi / manual, – sertifikat CE – buku manual – Produksi Italia – tahun produksi: 2006 SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS: – diameter roda pemandu: Ø 600 mm – tinggi pemotongan maks.: 360 mm – lebar pemotongan maks.: 580 mm – dimensi meja (panjang/lebar): 800 x 585 mm – kemiringan meja gergaji: 0° - 20° – panjang minimal pita/mata gergaji: 4.480 mm – lebar minimal pita/mata gergaji: 10 mm – panjang maksimal pita/mata gergaji: 4.580 mm – lebar maksimal pita/mata gergaji: 35 mm – kecepatan roda gila: 715 rpm – daya motor: 2,2 kW / 400 V / 50 Hz – diameter konektor hisap: 100 mm Crodpoy El U Dofx Ag Djb – dimensi mesin (p/l/t): 1.120 / 800 / 2.200 mm – berat: ~300 kg

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2005, Area kerja X: 6050 mm Area kerja Y: 1300 mm Elektrospindle 4 Sumbu Grup frais untuk pintu Magasin alat sekitar 24 posisi Meja kerja dengan 10 balok Konveyor serutan kayu Karpet keselamatan Berat sekitar 6400 kg. Crjdjy Nfmujpfx Ag Dob Termasuk 16 penjepit, suction cup, dan mata pisau Freud untuk profil kusen kayu dan kayu aluminium 68/82/92, serta elektrospindle cadangan. Komposisi mesin ideal untuk pembuatan jendela/kusen dan pintu.

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2022, termasuk 2 bak lem Ketebalan pelapisan tepi rol: 0,4 - 3 mm Ketebalan pelapisan tepi strip: 5 mm Tinggi benda kerja min - maks: 8 - 50 mm Kecepatan makan: 9 m/menit Unit pra-routing Unit lem Unit pemotong Unit pembulat Unit frais sejajar Pisau tarik radius Pisau tarik bidang Unit polisher Perangkat semprotan Lokasi penyimpanan: Pelanggan Credew Aig Sspfx Ag Deb

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2020, CNC-CONTROLLED MACHINING CENTER WITH MULTIFUNCTION TABLE morbidelli x200 — Drilling and Milling Made for You! This CNC machining center comes equipped with a comprehensive range of accessories for milling and drilling, catering to every requirement in the processing of wood and similar materials. Ø Powerful: Equipped with drilling spindles operating at 8,000 rpm. The technology features the toughest spindle available on the market, providing over 1,000 maintenance-free operating hours. Ø Better equipped: Offers a wide variety of configuration options thanks to the multifunction table, allowing for optimal customization according to your needs. Ø Easier programming: Simplified and more intuitive programming enabled by the integrated Cad-Cam module "MAESTRO CNC". Ø User-friendly: The worktable is accessible at all times; the control cabinet and vacuum pump are integrated and, in the PRO SPACE configuration, there are no protective barriers. Load-Bearing Structure The load-bearing structure is built with an especially robust monolithic steel base, heavily ribbed and extremely rigid. The extra-wide support surface is specifically designed to provide the machine with outstanding stability, ensuring lasting precision under any working conditions without requiring floor anchoring. The base forms a large and solid support for the movable gantry: the work unit is thus provided with a balanced, stable, and durable backing, resilient to heavy-duty operation, ensuring higher quality performance and increased accuracy. The movable portal is a solid, single piece anchored on both sides of the base and runs on premium-grade prismatic guides with recirculating ball carriages. Dual motorization along the X-axis guarantees peak performance even in demanding operational environments. Crodjywvldopfx Ag Djb Movement of the lower mobile unit (X-axis) and the work unit along the mobile unit’s beam (Y-axis) is driven via helical toothed rack and pinion, delivering higher tooth-to-tooth thrust for greater acceleration and increased speed along the X and Y axes. The specially designed helical gearing minimizes mechanical wear and provides quieter operation. The vertical Z-axis is powered by a ball screw, ensuring perfect balance under dynamic loads and accommodating high acceleration and deceleration rates. The main milling unit is directly coupled to the Z-axis carriage, ensuring outstanding finish quality by eliminating vibrations completely. Movement along the X-Y-Z axes is achieved by “brushless” motors powered by static inverters, delivering: - Reduced processing times through improved acceleration - Enhanced positioning accuracy thanks to high-resolution encoders - No zeroing procedures required after startup due to absolute encoders - Minimal maintenance, as the “brushless” system has no brushes Axis movements and all main machine operations are managed via an industrial NS module with digital data transmission.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Planer Thicknesser, used Working width: 520 mm Total table length: 3000 mm Infeed table length: 1780 mm Outfeed table length: 1180 mm Adjustable fence with angle adjustment, dimensions 1500 x 175 mm Motor power: 4.0 kW, 400 V, 50 Hz Cutter block speed: 5000 rpm 4-knife cutter block, diameter 120 mm Max. depth of cut: 8 mm Dust extraction connection: Ø 120 mm Table height: 860 mm Crodpfx Ajy Emf Rjg Djb Hydraulic table lifting and lowering with foot pedal Numerical depth of cut indicator Noise reduction combs on the cutter block Star-delta start Emergency stop button CE-compliant Includes all documentation Knife setting gauge NEW V-belts NEW cutter block bearings NEW planer knives Dimensions (L x W x H): 3000 x 950 x 1100 mm Weight: approx. 900 kg Note on used machines: • Errors in technical data and prior sale reserved. • Quoted prices are ex-location and include loading! • The machine has been cleaned and function-tested. • All machines are sold as inspected, without any warranty claims. Buyers are free to inspect the machines at the location. • Special agreements are only valid in written form. (We will only answer enquiries including your address and telephone number!)

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2009, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, berat keseluruhan: 452 kg, Planer-thicknesser, jointer TECNOMAX FS 41 elite – inspected, ready for operation Specification: • Condition – used, after comprehensive technical inspection • Manufacturer – TECNOMAX (SCM Group) • Model – FS 41 elite • Working width – 410 mm • Thicknessing height – 240 mm • Table length – 200 cm • Noise reduction combs on the cutter block • Motor power – 3.0 kW • 3-knife cutter block for traditional knives • Extraction port diameter – 120 mm • 2 feed speeds (6 and 12 m/min) • Original paint • Weight – 452 kg • Year of manufacture – 2009 • Overall dimensions – 220 x 90 x 100 cm (L x W x H) Additional information: • The machine is in good technical condition, ready for immediate use • The photos shown reflect the actual condition of the item for sale • Possibility to connect and test the machine on site • The price listed in the auction does not include VAT or transport costs Financing and transport: • We organize transport using our MDD fleet, courier services, or third-party carriers • Financing support available in the form of leasing or lease loan Codpjy Inuxsfx Ag Derb

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), en-GB Credpfx Aey Egmueg Dob

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2019, nomor mesin/kendaraan: MR002728, Used: edge banding machine for applying edge tape and solid strips up to 5mm thickness. Equipped with a combined milling unit for longitudinal and end trimming. Machine features include a pre-milling unit, end trimming operations, and an extra glue pot. The machine is equipped with the following options: - Radius scraper unit - Brush unit - Glue scraper unit - Quick-change system for glue pot - Spare glue pot Technical specifications: - Minimum edge band thickness: 0.4 mm - Maximum edge band thickness: 3 mm - Maximum strip thickness: 5 mm - Minimum panel thickness: 8 mm - Maximum panel thickness: 50 mm - Minimum panel length: 120 mm - Minimum panel width: 110 mm - Interchangeable glue pot: Yes - Feed speed: 7 m/min - Glue pot capacity: 0.8 kg - Pre-milling unit present: Yes - Pre-milling tool diameter: 80 mm - Pre-milling tool height: 56 mm - End trimming unit: Carbide tipped saw blade - End trimming saw blade diameter: 125 mm - End trimming unit speed: 12,000 rpm - Radius and straight milling unit: Yes - Milling tool diameter: 58 mm - Milling unit speed: 12,000 rpm - Radius scraper unit: Yes - Glue scraper unit: Yes - Anti-adhesion spray unit: Yes - Brush unit: Yes Credpfx Agoy I Rf Hj Dsb - Cleaning spray unit: Yes - Serial number: KK00006654

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1989, SCM R9 KOPIERFRÄSE - Nomor seri: AB27829 - Ref.: diperiksa fungsi, dalam kondisi baik - Tahun pembuatan: 1989 Data teknis: - Meja kerja: 905 x 770 mm - Jangkauan colom: 915 mm - Kecepatan poros: 10.000/20.000 rpm - Gerak poros: 110 mm Cedoy Ehzyjpfx Ag Dsrb - Gerak meja: 200 mm - Dudukan alat: MK 2 - Daya motor: 5,5 kW - Gerak poros pneumatik - Stylet penyalin (3 buah) - Pembatas kedalaman revolver 6 kali - Dudukan collet MK 2 - Chuck eksentrik MK 2 - Rem motor otomatis - Sakelar pelindung motor dengan sakelar utama yang dapat dikunci, dilengkapi dengan pelepas tegangan rendah - Berat: 650 kg

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1978, SCM-R9HU Crjdpjy Ehzaofx Ag Dsb

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 7618 Codpjymnm Defx Ag Derb DATA TEKNIS - Lebar poros: 500 mm - Jumlah pisau: 4 buah - Ketebalan maksimum elemen yang dikerjakan: 230 mm Dari atas: - Cakar pengunci - Poros feed atas bergerigi, penarik, putar, sekuensial - Penekan - Poros penyerut - Penekan - Poros penarik keluar halus Dari bawah: - 2 rol selip pada meja - Motor: 5,5 kW - Pengangkatan meja manual - 2 kecepatan makan: 7,5; 13 m/menit - Diameter saluran hisap: 160 mm - Dimensi (P/L/T): 1100x1000x1200 mm - Berat: 600 kg KEUNGGULAN – Produksi Italia – Tidak dicat ulang – Mesin planer bekas, kondisi sangat baik Harga netto: 15.900 PLN Harga netto: 3.780 EUR, tergantung kurs 4,2 EUR (Harga dapat berubah mengikuti fluktuasi yang lebih besar)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 6368 TECHNICAL DATA - maximum working width: 230 mm - maximum working height: 130 mm 7 spindles: 1) bottom horizontal 230 mm 5.5 kW 2) right vertical 130 mm 5.5 kW 3) left vertical 130 mm 5.5 kW 4) upper horizontal 230 mm 7.5 kW 5) upper horizontal 230 mm 11 kW 6) bottom horizontal 230 mm 18.5 kW 7) universal 230 mm, adjustable 360°, 5.5 kW - all spindles adjustable up/down, left/right - all spindles with electric brake - spindle diameter: 40 mm - spindles 4 and 5 with electric up/down adjustment - upper: 8 metal feed rollers, swiveling, including 2 double rollers - upper: 4 rubber outfeed rollers - upper: 2 hold-down pressures - lower: stops - lower side: 3 hold-down pressures - lower: 2 smooth metal feed rollers - lower: 2 double feed rollers, rubber coated - rollers pneumatically pressed - feed via cardan shafts - variable feed speed adjustment 5–36 m/min - feed motor: 4 kW - electric thickness adjustment: 0.75 kW - infeed table length: 1980 mm Credjyy Iyfepfx Ag Djb - fully enclosed in cabin - central table lubrication - extraction port diameters: 5x120 mm, 2x150 mm - dimensions (L x W x H): 5500 x 1840 x 1900 mm - weight approx. 5000 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture – 7-head configuration – suitable for wet and dry wood – universal last spindle – not repainted – used planer in very good condition Net price: 146,900 PLN Net price: 34,970 EUR (based on 4.2 EUR exchange rate) (Prices may vary depending on currency fluctuations)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 7739 Crsdpfx Ajxbp Anog Djb

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 7878 Crsdpfxjyf A Elj Ag Djb

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 7479 Data teknis: - lebar poros: 410 mm - poros 4 pisau (TERSA) - sisir peredam suara - pelindung poros - panjang meja: 2610 mm - meja masuk lebih panjang: 1435 mm - meja dari besi cor - kedua meja dapat diatur - rel pandu asli dari besi cor, dapat diatur sudutnya - rem - diameter sambungan ekstraksi: 115 mm - motor: 4 kW - dimensi (p/l/t): 2610 x 960 x 1110 mm - berat: 578 kg KEUNGGULAN – Produk buatan Italia – Poros 4 pisau – Rem – Sisir peredam suara – Meja masuk lebih panjang – Tidak dicat ulang – Serut kayu bekas, kondisi sangat baik, dokumentasi asli DTR Harga netto: 21.900 PLN Csdjyit Apspfx Ag Dsrb Harga netto: 5.200 EUR (berdasarkan kurs 4,2 EUR) (Harga dapat berubah jika terjadi fluktuasi besar)