Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 6056 DATA TEKNIS - tinggi maksimum material yang dikerjakan: 250mm - panjang kerja spindel: 260mm - diameter spindel: 40mm - meja kerja panjang/lebar: 630x360mm - rel pemandu - motor: 9,3kW - 2 penekan material pneumatik - diameter pipa pembuangan: 2x120mm - kebutuhan udara: 8 bar - dimensi panjang/lebar/tinggi: 1370x980x1620mm - berat: 450kg – belum dicat – 2 buah mata pisau freis termasuk – buatan Italia Hjdpfx Aegig Dyedqjfn – mesin frais bekas, kondisi sangat baik Harga netto: 22.900 PLN Harga netto: 5.390 EUR Harga netto dihitung pada kurs 4,25 PLN/EUR (dengan fluktuasi kurs yang lebih besar harga dapat berubah)

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Spindle moulder, table milling machine - Manufacturer: Metabo, tilting spindle moulder type Tf 1690 D with support table - Drive power: 2.0 kW - Milling spindle: 30 mm diameter mounting - Speeds: 3 RPM settings Hfodpfx Adewha Nboqjn - Cutter diameter: max. 200 mm - Table dimensions: 3600 x 500 mm - Machine dimensions: 3600/910/H1610 mm - Total weight: 170 kg

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, The simplest dovetail machine in the world! iDovetail was developed to minimize your staff training time and reduce adjustment time when changing workpieces. Anyone can operate this machine. It is as easy to use as a mobile phone or a printer. We use the real-time model to replace conventional field input systems in the market. You can enter the dimensions directly on the model and fully control your finished product at the design stage. Working width (mm): 50-610 Working thickness (mm): 5-50 Minimum length (mm): 170 Total power (kW): 4.2 Spindle power (kW): 3 Spindle speed (rpm): 24,000 Hfjdpfxexc Eals Adqjn Net weight (kg): 750 Shipping weight (kg): 800 Overall dimensions (W x H x L) (cm): 121 x 120 x 109

Kondisi: bekas, Mesin pembuat tiang Bezner dijual. Hfodpfx Aexfrwvsdqjn

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2024, TECHNICAL DATA Table size: 1100 x 760 mm Table height: 870 mm Spindle (not exchangeable): 30 mm Clamping height: 140 mm Height adjustment: 140 mm Extraction ports: 2 x ø 120 mm Speed: 3000 / 4500 / 6000 / 9000 rpm Colour: RAL 7035 Light Grey and RAL 5000 Violet Blue Net weight: approx. 800 kg TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION Robust German engineering Spindle moulder with double-sided swivelling, fixed milling spindle for a swivelling range from -5° to +45.5° Operation via handwheel at the machine base Height and tilt adjustment via handwheels Analog dial gauges for height and tilt adjustment 4 speeds: 3000 / 4500 / 6000 / 9000 rpm Quick-release belt tensioning system Electronic speed display Push buttons for spindle start and stop Left and right rotation Quick-clamping device for cutter Finely planed cast iron table Controls easily visible and accessible at the lower machine body Fencing system 215 overall adjustment via handwheel incl. multiplex fence plates Machine socket outlet Lockable main switch Hsdegz Sifspfx Adqsfn Mechanical motor brake Milling guard and pressing device GAMMA V 1629 Curved fence 1639 Tapoa CE certified GS certified

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Mesin frais poros bawah SCM T130E dengan agregat untuk profil kayu jendela Diameter poros: 35 mm Panjang total poros: 140 mm Hfsdpexbnyrjfx Adqjn Kecepatan poros variabel melalui inverter hingga 10.000 rpm Daya motor utama: 5,5 kW Agregat pemotong profil kayu jendela Daya agregat: 2,2 kW Pengaturan ketinggian poros elektronik Pengaturan pagar elektronik Pengumpan 4 rol Masterwood Pengaturan kecepatan pengumpan dengan variator Sertifikat CE Dokumentasi DTR Tahun produksi: 2005

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Nomor katalog 7364 DATA TEKNIS - tinggi maksimum material yang dapat dikerjakan: 160mm - panjang kerja spindle: 250mm - diameter spindle: 40mm - diameter maksimum alat: 220mm - meja kerja panjang/lebar: 410x1000mm - motor 11kW - 2 penjepit material – pneumatik - diameter konektor ekstraksi: 160mm - dimensi panjang/lebar/tinggi: 1070x1260x1400mm - berat: 650kg KEUNGGULAN – produksi Jerman – set tambahan mata frais + pola kopir Hsdpfx Aeudif Tsdqefn – belum dicat ulang – mesin frais bekas, kondisi sangat baik Harga netto: 33.900 PLN Harga netto: 7.980 EUR tergantung kurs 4,25 EUR (Harga dapat berubah mengikuti fluktuasi kurs yang lebih tinggi)

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1981, Spindle moulder, Table milling machine, Wood milling machine Hfsdswnbfkepfx Adqon - Manufacturer: Martin, Table milling machine model T 21 with table extension - Milling spindle: 30 mm diameter mounting - Speeds: 3 rpm - Overall dimensions: 1620/1060/H1120 mm - Total weight: 698 kg

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2009, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Mesin serut dengan dua mata pisau, bawah dan atas. Hfjdpfx Adsufr H Aeqon

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2023, JS-BSTR 350 ist eine doppelseitige Fräsmaschine zum Profilieren der Seitenteile von Bienenrähmchen. Sie verfügt über ein Beschickungsmagazin und drei Spindeln. Hsdpfjh Hxw Nsx Adqsfn Motorleistung: 3 x 1,5 kW, 1 x 0,75 kW Minimale Werkstücklänge: 100 mm Maximale Werkstücklänge: 320 mm Verstellbare Arbeitsbreite: 35-38 mm Produktionsleistung: 500-1000 Stück/Stunde

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2024, TECHNICAL DATA Table size: 1100 x 760 mm Table height: 870 mm Spindle shaft (milling spindle) Non-interchangeable 30 mm Clamping height: 140 mm Height adjustment: 125 mm Extraction ports: 2 x Ø 120 mm Speeds: 3000 / 4500 / 6000 / 9000 rpm Color: RAL 7035 Light Grey and RAL 5000 Violet Blue Net weight: approx. 800 kg TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION Robust German engineering Spindle moulder with fixed, one-sided tilting spindle for tilt range from -5° to +45.5° Positioning control for height and tilt adjustment with height zeroing and offset travel Electronic position and speed indicators 4 spindle speeds: 3000 / 4500 / 6000 / 9000 rpm Quick-release belt tensioning device Push buttons for spindle start and stop Forward and reverse rotation Quick-clamping system for cutter arbor Finely planed cast iron table with rigid frame support Control panel mounted below on rigid frame support Cutter fence 216 with total adjustment via handwheel and LCD display, including cast iron fence plates and aluminum chip deflector lips Machine socket outlet Lockable main switch Mechanical motor brake Milling guard and pressure device GAMMA V 1629 Curved milling fence 1639 Tapoa Spindle shaft 30 mm, non-interchangeable Hjdpfefpb Nmjx Adqsfn CE compliant GS tested

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2023, Used machine Year of manufacture: 2023 Condition: unused TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions and Weights Product length: approx. 1200 mm Product width/depth: approx. 2000 mm Net weight: approx. 510 kg Dust Extraction Connection Extraction port diameter: 2 x 120 mm Hfsdpfx Aew E Tzrsdqon Worktable Worktable length: 1200 mm Worktable width: 530 mm Table height: 900 mm Sliding carriage length: 1200 mm Sliding carriage width: 360 mm Sliding carriage height: 142 mm Installation Information Required length: 2800 mm Required width/depth: 2910 mm Note on required space: The dimensions consider the maximum travel distances or usable lengths. Machine body length: 1200 mm Machine body width/depth: 846 mm Working area length: 1600 mm Working area width/depth: 2300 mm Note on working area: Please add the specified working area to the required space to determine the recommended free installation area for the machine. Electrical Data Connection voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Main motor power: 5.0 kW Milling Spindle Spindle tilt: 0 to -45° Usable spindle length: 125 mm Spindle speed(s): 3500 / 6000 / 8000 / 10000 rpm Milling spindle speed display: LED at front of machine Spindle shaft diameter: 30 mm Maximum Milling Tool Diameter Max. tool diameter: 240 mm Max. retractable tool diameter: 230 mm Maximum profiling cutter diameter: 240 mm Max. tenoning cutter diameter: 320 mm Availability: short-term Warehouse location: Saxony-Anhalt

Kondisi: baru, S0367 TECHNICAL DATA - Working table dimensions: 800x800 mm - Motor power S1/S6: 3.0 / 4.4 kW - Table opening diameter: 190 mm - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Spindle tilting: 0° - 45° - Spindle speeds: 1400 / 3500 / 6000 / 8000 rpm - Rotation: right, left - Vertical spindle stroke: 175 mm - Working spindle height: 125 mm - Max. tool diameter for profile machining / tenoning: 180/250 mm - Extraction port diameter: 120 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2800x1800x1090 mm - Weight: 410 kg PRODUCT FEATURES - Large, heavy-duty cast iron working table. - Table opening diameter 190 mm, dust extraction below the table. Hsdju Atuxspfx Adqefn - Electronic speed readout. - Spindle guard for 180 mm diameter tools. - Spindle lock installed. - 4 spindle speed settings. - Forward tilting spindle. ADVANTAGES – new machine – tilting spindle – with side sliding carriage – CE certificate Optional: – Motor power 4.0 (5.5) kW (HP) – Spindle guard for 250 mm profile tools – Integrated safety fences 350, 500 mm – Table extensions on left and right – Spindle diameter 1 1/4", 32, 35, 40, 50 mm Price includes spindle moulder with sliding side carriage. Net price: 17,200 PLN Net price: 4,100 EUR (based on exchange rate of 4.20 PLN/EUR) (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Tahun pembuatan: 2014, Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Deskripsi: Dijual mesin profesional Format 4 Shaper Machine Profil 45Z, diproduksi oleh FELDER KG (Austria). Mesin ini ideal untuk produksi furnitur dan pengolahan kayu dengan standar presisi dan kualitas tinggi. Detail teknis: Merek: FELDER KG Model: Format 4 Shaper Machine Profil 45Z Hfsdpfx Ajxfawkodqjn Negara asal: Austria Mesin kokoh dengan presisi tinggi, dirancang untuk produksi intensif Konstruksi solid dan andal untuk kinerja jangka panjang Kondisi: Sangat baik, siap digunakan. Lokasi: Mintia, kabupaten Hunedoara (Rumania)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Zapfenschlitten dari Panhans dengan perangkat penjepit untuk digunakan pada mesin spindle meja. Produsen adalah Panhans, namun sebelumnya dipasang pada mesin spindle Martin Schenk. Panjang pelat dasar sekitar 1000 mm Panjang gerak geser sekitar 710 mm Penjepit eksentrik untuk mengunci benda kerja Pagar sudut dapat diatur miring Hjdpfx Adoxb Sy Ajqofn Mesin dapat didemonstrasikan di tempat kami dengan janji terlebih dahulu. Kami hanya menawarkan mesin yang siap untuk demonstrasi di gudang kami, lihat "penawaran lain dari penyedia ini".

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, The compact and stable construction of the spindle moulder ensures high-quality performance. The machine comes with an interchangeable spindle for ER collets to accommodate router bits. The ø30 mm retractable spindle operates at four speeds. The thick, cast-iron table guarantees optimal, precise operation. A clamping mechanism for the workpiece is installed in the upper part of the guard. The machine features a solid, heavy-duty base, efficiently dampening vibrations. Machine Description - Heavy, stable spindle moulder with interchangeable spindle and collet chuck! - Milling table made of cast iron, precision-ground for optimal sliding of the workpiece - Includes: workpiece holder, 60° tilting fence (left/right), workpiece stop Hodpfx Adsvugf Djqefn - REINFORCED, balanced spindle ensures perfect milling results - Standard equipment includes height adjustment with scale - Interchangeable spindle with ER collet chuck, angle stop, clamp, and mounting tool - Spindle speeds: 1400 / 4000 / 6000 / 9000 rpm - Machine is equipped with anti-slip pads (vibration-free operation) - Designed for machining the edges of straight components, as well as the production of decorative strips, grooves, tenons, and dovetail joints - Fully compliant with all safety regulations: OHS, DTR, CE Technical Data - Motor power S1: 2.2 kW - Voltage: 400 V - Table dimensions: 620 x 510 mm - Table height: 860 mm - Extraction port diameter: 100 mm - Spindle stroke: 100 mm - Max. clamping height: 105 mm - Table opening: 160 mm - Max. tool diameter under table: 150 mm - Spindle speeds: 1400 / 4000 / 6000 / 9000 rpm - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Gross weight: 126 kg - Overall dimensions: 640 x 660 x 1250 mm

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2022, Swiveling spindle 0° - 45° Height and tilt adjustment via handwheel Hedpfoipv A Tsx Adqefn Dial indicators integrated in handwheel Motor power 7.0 kW 4 spindle speeds 30 mm milling spindle Aluminum fence jaws Milling fence with crank adjustment Long cast iron tables Safety guard rails

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1995, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 288.I.8, With the NOVA-3 tenoning machine, two rounded tenons of different sizes and angles can be produced simultaneously on both ends of a solid wood component. The innovative technology of the NOVA-3 makes it the leading double-sided tenoning machine on the market. ROBUST MECHANICS Torsion-free, stress-relieved steel welded construction; large-dimensioned machining units with supports and slides made from cast iron, completely vibration-free. Mechanics are designed for high operational safety and maximum production output. 3 kW milling motors. USER-FRIENDLINESS Short setup times are enabled by the new swiveling system of the machining units, which keeps the tool position constant during swiveling around both the vertical and horizontal axes; in other words, the swivel point always coincides with the tool position. Even when the inclination changes, the shoulder length of the workpieces remains unchanged. FLEXIBILITY The NOVA-3 is an exceptionally versatile machining center. Thanks to its large, reliable mechanical components, the advanced design of the machining units, and the innovative swiveling system, it can precisely process short, highly warped workpieces as well as large components with high material removal rates. For the latter, the robust machine structure and the power of the motors are decisive factors. Flexibility is further enhanced by the available infeed magazines; depending on requirements, the machine can be equipped with an ADR or APPC automatic loader. Loading is performed from well-defined reference points. The machined parts are output underneath the machine and can be easily removed by the operator, transferred to a conveyor belt, or placed in a container. No manual intervention is necessary; the operator only needs to keep the magazine loaded. Hodpfx Aovvvr Asdqsfn

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), 6609 Hedpjh Rii Hjfx Adqofn

Tahun pembuatan: 2023, Kondisi: bekas, New machine Year of manufacture: 2023 Delivered in 2024; original packaging, never commissioned Features and Technical Data: Infeed Table with Cross Conveyor Number of strands: 6x, equipped with Supergrip timing belts Pitch: 650 / 650 / 850 / 1500 / 1500 mm Length: approx. 1.8 m Drive: Gear motor, 1.5 kW Workpiece pick-up length, min.: 0.8 m Raw material (solid timber beams) is loaded onto the cross conveyor by the operator. The cross conveyor automatically transfers the workpieces to the infeed table via level lowering. Infeed Table Smooth sliding table with glide plastic for damage-free transfer of raw material into the processing zone by the servo pusher. Support width: approx. 200 mm 1 pc. Blockhaus 4F-SERVO Main milling unit for creating log cabin corner joints by milling all four sides of the timber in one clamping. Processing is done by two milling tools from the rear and two milling tools from below, each guided on a horizontal and a vertical feed support. Processing dimensions: 140 x 200 mm Milling depth: horizontal top: max. 60 mm horizontal bottom: max. 35 mm vertical: max. 95 mm Milling spindle diameter: 30 mm Cutter diameter x max. width horizontal: 2x D=220 x W=120 mm vertical: 2x D=280 x W=120 mm Motor power: 4 x 4.0 kW Speed: variable Feed rate horizontal & vertical: SERVODRIVE, infinitely variable via software; automatic by IPC control / manual via two-hand push buttons Milling depth adjustment: spindle, digital readout Workpiece clamping device: pneumatic vertical & horizontal Extraction: sub-floor hopper Ø160 mm (pit required on site) Complete with electrical system, PLC control and pneumatics. Machine base prepped for installation of end groove or dovetail cutter, drilling unit, and crosscut saw. Enclosed safety cover with gas spring-assisted swing-up access window. Electric control cabinet on a plinth with 3.0 m cable conduit. - Ready for operation, without tools Hfodpfxoxavtko Adqon 1 pc. Option i: automatic milling depth adjustment for 4F milling The system comprises 4 additional NC-controlled servo axes for automatic milling depth positioning of the 4F tools. Input and parameter settings are fully managed via IITO Control Software. Full control of all movements allows for numerous additional machining options: - Individual grooves or millings on all 4 sides of the component - Cut-outs or markings for window and door openings - Individual double millings on component sides - Custom triple connections - Half corner joints for upper and lower beams or for beam layers Control: automatic with IPC / PLC / IITO Software Milling depth adjustment: SERVODRIVE Tolerance: +/- 0.1 mm 2 pcs. 4-part slot cutters, D220; 21–90 mm; LM for 4-side horizontal milling Wall thickness: approx. 28–100 mm Dimensions: Ø220/30 Adjustable width: 21.0 – 90 mm Design: Z=3; V=3, LM / HM-WEPLA 15x15x2.5 2 pcs. 4-part slot cutters, D280; 21–90 mm; LM for 4-side vertical milling Wall thickness: approx. 28–100 mm Dimensions: Ø280/30 Adjustable width: 21.0 – 90 mm Design: Z=3; V=3, LM / HM-WEPLA 15x15x2.5 1 pc. Combination cutter for end groove & dovetail 3-axis controlled milling unit with a combination ...

Kondisi: baru, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang total: 3.950 mm, lebar total: 1.220 mm, tinggi total: 1.610 mm, berat keseluruhan: 1.900 kg, frekuensi input: 50 Hz, tegangan masuk: 400 V, Fully automatic large-format edge polishing machine with CNC control and swiveling milling/polishing unit for finishing sawn or pre-milled surfaces. The machine is suitable for transparent, technical, or decorative plastics (PMMA, PC, PETG, or similar), as well as for processing composite materials (PMMA with paper or aluminum). The required process parameters can be conveniently accessed via the integrated material library, based on the material to be processed and the desired surface finish. Tool recommendations and the corresponding setup for the specific application are also displayed. Due to the high precision of the polishing table, the formation of streaks can be reduced during processing. Additional mounting points for side stops or further guide aids also enable flexible adaptation to any product. Specific features: - CNC control with material library - Machine core and front stop - Milling/polishing unit - Working area - Multifunction table - Tools Technical data*: Material thickness (0°/45°/60°): 2 - 120/85/60 mm Material length: 20 - 3,050 mm (With turnover) up to 6,100 mm Table width: 525 mm Swivel range: 0° - +63° Milling depth (0°/45°/60°): 0.05 - 1.5/3/3 mm Motor speed: 6,000 - 12,000 rpm Feed rate: 0.1 - 5 m/min Return speed: 50 m/min Number of clamping cylinders: 6 (optional up to 20) Number of side stops: 1 (optional up to 8) Extraction port Ø: 100 mm Machine length: 3,950 mm Machine width: 1,220 mm Machine height: 1,610 mm Working height: 926 mm Compressed air supply: 6 bar Hedpfx Asxd Si Aodqsfn Operating voltage: 400 V, 50 Hz, +PE +N Milling motor output: 4.5 kW Drive motor output: 1.2 kW Total power: 7.5 kW Weight: 1,900 kg Tool type: EURACRYL ES with quick-change system Vacuum table: Included Remote maintenance: Included Tool base body: Included (1x tool base body for 4 edges) Tool: Not included *Subject to material tests; depending on material type, tool configuration, and surface finish Scope of delivery: - 1 operating manual Item no. 0175200

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2021, Unit Kontrol Merek: Taiwan Model: SYNTEC 60WE Penggerak Utama Kisaran kecepatan spindle: 6000–24000 Jumlah sumbu: 3 Benda Kerja Sumbu X: 2200 mm Sumbu Y: 3700 mm Sumbu Z: 200 mm Alat Tipe holder alat: ISO30 Hfjdpfx Aexcb N Aedqen Mesin CNC router 3-sumbu BLUE ELEPHANT ELECNC 2200x3700 ini diproduksi tahun 2021. Memiliki area kerja 2200 mm x 3700 mm, spindle HSD ATC 9,6 kW, dan kecepatan antara 6000 hingga 24.000 RPM. Dilengkapi dengan sistem kontrol SYNTEC 60WE Taiwan dan servomotor YASKAWA 850W asal Jepang, pertimbangkan kesempatan untuk membeli BLUE ELEPHANT ELECNC 2200x3700 ini. Hubungi kami untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai mesin ini. Jenis Aplikasi Perkakas Kayu CNC

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG 7003 Spesifikasi teknis: - diameter spindle: 25 mm - tinggi kerja spindle: 80 mm - spindle dapat diganti - pengunci spindle - penyetelan atas/bawah - penyangga besi cor asli - 2 jenis kecepatan putaran + kanan/kiri Hfsdpfow Emzrex Adqjn - dimensi meja: 1000x800 mm - motor: 3 kW - dimensi (panjang/lebar/tinggi): 1280x860x1100 mm - berat: 465 kg Keunggulan: – produksi Bulgaria – kondisi sangat baik – mesin frais bekas Harga netto: 5.500 PLN Harga netto: 1.290 EUR tergantung pada kurs 4,25 EUR (Harga dapat berubah sesuai dengan fluktuasi nilai tukar)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Nomor katalog 7340 Hjdpfxjw Em D Ho Adqefn SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS - diameter spindel: 25mm - tinggi kerja spindel: 120mm - spindel dapat diganti - pengunci spindel - pengaturan naik/turun - pemandu besi cor asli dengan pengaturan penuh - 4 pilihan kecepatan putar + kanan/kiri - ukuran meja: 1030x900mm - motor: 3,8kW - dimensi (P/L/T): 1030x1000x1080mm - berat: 614kg KEUNGGULAN – produksi Polandia – kondisi sangat baik – mesin frais bekas Harga netto: 6900 PLN Harga netto: 1620 EUR berdasarkan kurs 4,25 EUR (Harga dapat berubah sesuai fluktuasi nilai tukar)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), NOMOR KATALOG: 5992 Hfsdpfxsw Emvcj Adqen SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS Mesin Profil (Frezarka) - diameter spindel: 30 mm - tinggi spindel: 120 mm - spindel dapat diganti, terkunci - penyesuaian atas/bawah - panduan besi cor asli dengan penyesuaian penuh - 4 kecepatan putaran + kanan/kiri - ukuran meja: 1140x910 mm - motor: 4 kW Gergaji Circular (Pilarka tarczowa) - diameter maksimum mata gergaji: 270 mm - poros spindel: 30 mm - mata gergaji dapat diatur naik/turun - pelindung mata gergaji - lebar pemotongan di penggaris: 370 mm - meja besi cor - motor: 1,85 kW - dimensi (p/l/t): 1070x1450x1040 mm - berat: 662 kg Harga netto: 6.900 PLN Harga netto: 1.620 EUR (berdasarkan kurs 4,25 EUR) (Harga dapat berubah seiring fluktuasi nilai tukar yang besar)