Beli Tepi Banding Mesin bekas (87.714)

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2010, Ketebalan tepi 0,4 - 10,0 mm; unit gergaji potong; unit pisa penarik radius; unit milling flush & radius; unit milling sambungan; unit polishing; unit pembulatan sudut; penyemprotan agen pemisah; penyemprotan agen pembersih; pot lem yang dapat diganti; unit gergaji potong e-motion; unit milling kombinasi e-motion. Lokasi penyimpanan: pelanggan Gksdpfx Adoxguvqeqec

Kondisi: bekas, Used machine Gedowwxykjpfx Adqskc

Kondisi: diremajakan ulang (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2020, Condition: fully cleaned, refurbished, and overhauled – directly from Hebrock! 🧰 Technical Features & Highlights Model: Hebrock K36 Edge Banding Machine Control: PLC with touchscreen Hot-melt adhesive application: for edge material up to 3 mm Workpiece thickness: up to 60 mm Jointing cutter: with DIA tools, milling depth up to 3 mm Glue pot: coated, maintenance-free, with quick-change system for glue pots and glue drain device ⚙️ Equipment Packages & Stations HF milling station with pneumatic adjustment Corner rounding unit (Radius R = 2 mm) Radius scraper & flat scraper with pneumatic lift-out system Buffing unit for perfect surfaces Whispercut jointing head Second milling station incl. pneumatic lift-out and quick-change system Exchangeable motor for corner rounding unit (Radius R1) Multi-radius scraper (R1/R2) Multifunction cutter (R2/R1/chamfer) 🪶 Additional Equipment Gsdpexmgzlsfx Adqjkc Release agent and cleaning agent spray system Edge protection spray / nesting function Pneumatic 3-point adjustment LED lighting Airtronic up to 40 mm Hot air unit for optical zero-joint, also with short workpieces and corner rounding up to 60 mm

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2020, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, tinggi benda kerja (maks.): 45 mm, ketebalan tepi (maks.): 3 mm, jenis arus masuk: tiga fasa, Data teknis lainnya: Meja putar dengan bantalan bola untuk bahan tepi roll, Ø 740 mm Ketebalan tepi: 0,4 – 3 mm Tinggi benda kerja: 8 – 45 mm Penopang benda kerja yang dapat ditarik hingga 450 mm Tinggi benda kerja dapat disesuaikan secara manual Kontrol m-motion dan x-motion PLUS (akurasi pengulangan pengaturan tertinggi, pemrograman dimungkinkan) Unit pemrosesan berat dengan desain baru, rangka mesin kokoh, ekstraksi debu presisi Perlengkapan tambahan: Pisau tarik permukaan Penyemprotan cairan pembersih Gjdpfx Adjxdb U Usqskc Pencahayaan LED Tempora 45.03 Penyemprotan cairan pemisah Unit pemotong ujung dengan lintasan 45° dan pemrosesan radius Pengunci masuk pneumatik-mekanis Paket 75 x-motion PLUS Tempora 45.03

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2005, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Mesin Edge Banding Satu Sisi Produsen: Brandt Tipe: KDF 660 Tahun produksi: 2005 Ketebalan edging maks.: sekitar 12 mm Ketebalan benda kerja maks.: 60 mm Ketebalan material roll maks.: 3 mm Dilengkapi dengan: - Mesin milling penyambung - Majalah roll - Unit lem - Unit potong - Mesin milling rata/radius atas/bawah - Mesin milling radius atas/bawah dengan penyalinan tepi depan/belakang - Pisau tarik radius - Penggosok Gedpfxjxl Ufvs Adqokc Kecepatan makan maks. sekitar 16 m/menit Tegangan: 400 V, 50 Hz, 3 fasa Daya total terpasang: sekitar 15 kW

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2007, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, ketebalan tepi (maks.): 10 mm, berat keseluruhan: 1.980 kg, jenis penyesuaian ketinggian: listrik, Biesse Type Akron 440 Year of manufacture: 2007 Noise level according to manufacturer: 88 dB (A) Rated power: 13 kW Extraction capacity according to AUVA: 565 m³/h Technical specifications: - Edge thickness: 0.4 - 10 mm - Feed speed: 12 m/min - Max. edge banding height: 13 - 60 mm - Separating agent - Jointing unit - Edge magazine - Preparation for PUR adhesive Gedpewahhpofx Adqekc - End trimming unit, tiltable 0-15° - Tiltable bevel/radius unit RS-501 - Contour milling - Radius scraper RBK 502 - Flat scraper RCC 701 - Buffing unit SP 501 - Electric height adjustment - Total connected load: 13 kW - Machine length: 4200 mm

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2025, • additional interchangeable glue pot • PLC control (incl. touchscreen) • Hot melt adhesive application to the workpiece up to 3 mm jointing cutter • Jointing cutter (incl. DIA tool) up to 2 mm cutting depth • Glue pot, maintenance-free with quick-change glue pot preparation incl. glue discharge device • HF cross-cut saw station (approx. 12,000 rpm) • HF milling station (approx. 12,000 rpm) with separate pneumatic milling adjustment and interchangeable plate milling cutters (combination version) Gedpfx Adoxgfpzsqekc • Corner rounding cutter • Surface scraper (incl. pneumatic lift) • Free slot (for cleaning station or radius scraper) • Robust chain drive • Double roller upper pressure with ball-bearings • Inspection window at the rear of the machine • Extendable workpiece support • Feed speed approx. 10 m/min • Hebrock radius scraper F4/09 (incl. pneumatic lift) • Hebrock pneumatic 3-point adjustment (radius, chamfer, flush milling) Available from: Immediately Terms of delivery: ex works Berlin Terms of payment: Payment before collection Accessories without guarantee. Applies: “Item purchased as seen.” The prospective buyer must verify the completeness of the item on site.

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2002, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang total: 4.000 mm, lebar total: 1.200 mm, tinggi total: 1.400 mm, MESIN PELAPIS TEPI OTT ATLANTIC 2 MATA GERGAJI HM 140X3,2X16 Z=36 FRESING RATA DENGAN 2 KEPALA PISAU BOLAK-BALIK HM FRESING HALUS DENGAN 2 KEPALA PISAU BOLAK-BALIK HM Gsdpfx Aoww H Enjdqokc SCRAPER 2X HM, PENYEDIAAN OTOMATIS PEMBERSIHAN TEPI - SIKAT BEROSILASI PANJANG MESIN 4,50 M

Kondisi: bekas, en-bimatic-prima-7.5-two-edge-banding-machine-full-tech-specs Gksdpjwgwl Dsfx Adqec

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2001, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang total: 3.600 mm, lebar total: 1.100 mm, ketebalan tepi (maks.): 60 mm, berat keseluruhan: 1.000 kg, tegangan masuk: 400 V, frekuensi input: 50 Hz, Including jointing unit for up to 2 mm cutting depth, edge thickness 0.4–5 mm, workpiece height 8–60 mm, 11 m/min feed speed, min. workpiece dimensions L=140 mm W=70 mm, automatic feed for roll materials, single feed for strip materials, guillotine for rigid PVC/ABS up to 3 mm thickness, Teflon-coated glue pot with 2 kg capacity, glue application with glue roller 3x 400 V motor voltage, 50 Hz motor frequency, max. connected load 7.0 kW Jointing unit with 2 DIA jointing cutters for up to 2 mm cutting depth Min. workpiece width: *The minimum workpiece width varies depending on workpiece length, height, and surface quality: 70 mm Continuous edge feed via support plate, Ø 720 mm, for PVC/ABS Automatic edge feed for edge materials from 0.4–5 mm thickness Guillotine for reel edge material up to 3 mm thickness in rigid PVC/ABS Glue application unit, Teflon-coated, 2 kg for hot-melt adhesive granulate Pressure unit mechanically preloaded, with 1 straight pressure roller and 2 finishing rollers; adjustment via dial gauge End trimming saw unit with HF motor, pneumatic adjustment for 0°/20° mitre cuts Multifunctional milling unit, 12,000 rpm, 2x 0.55 kW, pneumatic selection for radius, flush, or chamfer milling for thin edges Radius scraper unit, mechanically switchable for R=2 mm Surface scraper unit, mechanically switchable Polishing unit, 2 motors Spraying device for cleaning agent before polishing unit Swiveling control panel with 5.7" Color touch screen Workpiece transport by chain conveyor Extendable workpiece support Further technical data: Gedpovfnqpjfx Adqjkc Workpiece length: min. 140 mm Extraction connection: 2 x 80 / 1 x 120 mm Edge thickness: 0.4 – 5.0 mm Feed speed: 11 m/min Workpiece width: 70 mm Workpiece thickness: 8 – 60 mm

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Berbagai tangki lem untuk pita tepi dan mesin pemotong tepi. Gksdjf Tc Rqepfx Adqjc Kami menyediakan tangki lem baru atau memperbaiki tangki bekas Anda. Kami juga menjual suku cadang secara terpisah. SCM, Stefani, IDM, IMA, Biesse

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2004, jam operasional: 10 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, berat keseluruhan: 250 kg, sambungan udara terkompresi: 6 batang, ketebalan tepi (maks.): 3 mm, tinggi benda kerja (maks.): 60 mm, Dijual mesin pelapis tepi bentuk SCM Contura bekas. Tahun produksi 2004, kondisi hampir baru, hanya sekitar 10 jam kerja. - Pengumpan dengan satu rol - Rol penekan untuk bagian lurus (dapat dilepas untuk bagian bentuk) - Elemen pemanas untuk pemanasan awal tepi - Tangki lem dengan pemanas atas & bawah - Sasis - Ketebalan pelapis 0,5 - 3 mm - Ketebalan benda kerja 12-60 mm - Panjang benda kerja minimal 230 mm - Kecepatan pengumpanan 2-10 m/menit Gkjdeu Apykopfx Adqoc Mesin dapat dilihat di gudang kami di Oberteisendorf dengan janji temu. Transportasi yang sesuai dapat diatur. Jika ada pertanyaan, silakan hubungi kami.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2022, Ketebalan pinggiran: dari 0,4 hingga 5 mm Ketebalan benda kerja: dari 10 hingga 45 mm Kecepatan pemajuan: 8 m/menit - Sistem Quick-Set - Unit joining dengan mata pisau DIA - Pengumpan pinggiran otomatis - Unit gergaji potong linear dengan penggilingan radius - Unit frais multifungsi - Sasis Gkjdpfx Ajxfwdbodqsc

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 1999, SCM MESIN PEREKAT TEPI OLIMPIC S 220 - PENGGARIS MASUK YANG DAPAT DISESUAIKAN SECARA MANUAL - UNIT JOINTER Gsdpfsr A Eumsx Adqekc - UNIT PEMOTONG - UNIT PEMOTONG RATA - UNIT PEMOTONG SEPATU MIRING - PENGUMPAN OTOMATIS - UNIT PENIRU SUDUT 4 MOTOR - PISAU SERUT RADIUS - PISAU SERUT DATAR - UNIT POLISHING - PENGERING (PENGHEMBUS PANAS) - PANJANG MESIN 7,50 M

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2018, Edge banding machine AKV 3006 DK - F with jointing cutter unit, including DIA tools. Jointing thickness up to 40 mm, workpiece thickness up to 3 mm. Combination milling station, radius R 2.5 mm. Technical Description: - Application of hot-melt adhesive to the workpiece for edge materials up to 3 mm - Max. workpiece thickness: 60 mm without jointing unit, 40 mm with jointing unit - Maintenance-free, coated glue pot - HF end-trimming unit (16,000 rpm) for front and rear edge overhang - HF milling station (16,000 rpm) with interchangeable cutter (combination design) and fine cutter adjustment from the operator side - Spaces available for additional processing units (Hebrock system) - Feed speed approx. 10 m/min - Cutting depth adjustment for cross-cut saw - Signal lamp for workpiece sequence - Robust chain drive - Ergonomically arranged control panel - Double roller top pressure beam - Aggregate view window from both rear and operator side - PLC control including touchscreen Technical Data: - Feed speed: 10 m/min - Panel thickness: 8 - 40 mm - Weight: approx. 1550 kg, depending on equipment - Dimensions (L x W x H): 5250 x 1445 x 1600 mm 2-point pneumatic cutter adjustment, 1 pc. Toggle between radius – flush/chamfer for combination milling stations. Switching between chamfer or flush is done manually via the stop flap in the machine. Buffing station (polishing mop): 1 pc Corner rounding cutter: 1 pc, including combination tool and pneumatic setting for chamfer/radius. Maximum workpiece thickness 40 mm. Minimum workpiece length 300 mm. Radius R 2.0 mm. Radius scraper: 1 pc, including pneumatic lift device, radius R 2.0 mm. Flat scraper: 1 pc, with pneumatic control. Glue pot quick-change system, including second glue pot and downward glue outlet, 1 pc for quick color change. Grooving saw unit, horizontal into the edge, 1 pc, including pneumatic lift device and grooving tool. Separate extraction for jointing unit, 1 pc, directly at the jointing unit, vertically upward, d=80 mm for optimal extraction; strongly recommended from model AKV 3005 DK-F onwards. Ball bearing for corner rounding cutter 24.1 mm, 1 pc Ball bearing for corner rounding cutter 24.2 mm, 1 pc Interchangeable motor 0.37 kW for corner rounding cutter, 1 pc, with quick-change device incl. radius cutter R 1. Gkedpsxfh Tmsfx Adqoc Interchangeable spindles, 1 set = 2 pcs, 1 set Quick change motors for longitudinal processing top and bottom incl. tool R 1 Compressed air requirement: 100 - 150 l/hr Storage location: Nattheim.

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2021, tinggi benda kerja (maks.): 45 mm, ketebalan tepi (maks.): 3 mm, Perlengkapan tambahan: Pisau penghalus permukaan Gjdexdctxspfx Adqjkc Penyemprotan cairan pembersih Lampu LED Tempora 45.03 Penyemprotan cairan pemisah Freis joining dengan pisau ganti, tinggi 49 mm Unit gergaji potong dengan sudut 45° Penahan masukan pneumatik-mekanis Bak lem yang dapat diganti sebagai pengganti unit aplikasi standar Paket x-motion PLUS tempora 45.03 Informasi tambahan: Meja putar dengan bantalan bola untuk edging roll Diameter meja putar: 740 mm Meja penyangga benda kerja dapat ditarik hingga 450 mm Tinggi benda kerja dapat diatur manual: 8–45 mm

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2015, panjang total: 3.653 mm, Mesin pemotong tepi satu sisi Pabrikan: Brandt Tipe: Ambition 1210 F, Optimat KDF 210 Tahun pembuatan: 2015 Kecepatan maju: 11 m/menit Ketebalan benda kerja: 8 – 50 mm Lebar minimal benda kerja: 70 mm Material tepi rol: 0,4 – 3 mm Material tepi strip: 0,4 – 3 mm Overhang benda kerja: 38 mm Agregat pra-milling: 2 x 2,2 kW Unit aplikasi: A3 Agregat pemotongan miring/lurus: 2 x 0,18 kW Agregat milling: 2 x 0,27 kW arah berlawanan Gksdsxdxldjpfx Adqoc Pisau penarik profil dengan kepala pelepas cepat Pisau scraping sambungan lem Agregat polishing: 2 motor Kontrol: EASYTOUCH Perlengkapan tambahan Agregat penyemprot cairan pelumas untuk material edging

Kondisi: hampir baru (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2018, jam operasional: 1.139 h, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, panjang total: 4.077 mm, berat keseluruhan: 1.000 kg, Lange B 90 KFE Edge Banding Machine - Single-sided automatic edge banding machine - 7” color touch screen - 800 mm roller plate - Jointing unit with 2 motors, equipped with DIA cutters - Hot melt adhesive application for straight workpieces; EVA/PUR glue pot, coated, with bottom drain function - Quick-change glue pot - 2x Ripa separating agent spray units - HF cross-cut saw station - HF milling unit - Corner rounding unit - Chain feed, double upper pressure rollers Gedpfxsu D Htqs Adqekc - Extendable workpiece support rail - Signal lamp for workpiece sequence - Suitable for ABS, PVC, melamine, and solid wood veneer tape, as well as fixed lengths from 0.4 to 3.0 and 5.0 mm - Workpiece height: 8 – 60 mm - Minimum workpiece width: 75 mm - Feed speed: 8–10.0 m/min - Radius scraper blade - Surface scraper blade - Buffing/finishing unit - 2x Ripa cleaning agent spray units - Interior LED lighting - Extendable roller support - Overall length: 4077 mm - Weight: approx. 1000 kg

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Nomor katalog: 7531 DATA TEKNIS Perlengkapan: - piringan - pemasuk pita - guillotine - tangki lem (granulat) - 3 rol penekan - unit pemotong akhir dengan gergaji bundar - 2 unit profil milling untuk pembentukan tepi (milling radius) - 2 unit polisher Panjang minimum benda kerja: 140mm Lebar minimum benda kerja: 60mm Tebal benda kerja berpinggir: 10–55mm Tebal pita edging: 0,4–3mm Penopang yang bisa ditarik dari meja Daya motor: 5,6kW Diameter nozzle hisap: 120mm Dimensi (P/L/T): 3480x1050x1020mm Berat sekitar: 900kg Gkedpfxjvtl Tqe Adqjc – tidak dicat – produksi Austria – tahun produksi 2007 – kondisi sangat baik – mesin edging bekas Harga netto: 18900 PLN Harga netto: 4450 EUR Harga netto dihitung dengan kurs 4,25 PLN/EUR (jika ada fluktuasi kurs yang besar, harga dapat berubah)

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2012, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, daya: 4 kW (5,44 hp), panjang meja: 1.800 mm, Mesin profil meja FELDER, tipe F500/06 dengan perpanjangan meja kiri dan kanan, spindle dapat dimiringkan D=30mm, kecepatan 3000/6000/8000/10000/15000, motor 4kW, beberapa alat disertakan. Gkedewwq T Njpfx Adqjc

Kondisi: baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2000, id-001 Gksdpfx Aexd Dvzjdqsc

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2005, Brandt KDF 530 C edge banding machine with jointing unit, corner rounding, two scraper blades, and Riepe spraying systems. A video of the machine in operation can be sent upon request. The machine is highly automated. Edge thickness approx. 0.4 – 8mm Workpiece height approx. 10 – 50mm Feed speed approx. 11 m/min Noise protection hood Gedpfx Asxd Dudjdqekc Extendable workpiece support Extraction connection 1x200mm, 1x100mm including pictured piping PC16 control system with color screen for simple operation Units: Manual pressure adjustment with SIKO counter Manual infeed fence adjustment with SIKO counter Riepe separator agent spraying unit Jointing cutters with Leitz Whispercut diamond cutters, sharpened Glue application unit switchable for co-rotating and counter-rotating operation Pressure zone with 3 rollers Cut-off saw with 2 motors, programmable for straight or angled cuts Combination milling unit with motorized lateral adjustment Radius scraper R2, pneumatic adjustment Corner rounding unit R2 with 1 motorized diamond cutter, pneumatic setting for thin or thick edge Pneumatically retractable glue joint scraper with large roller Riepe cleaning agent spraying unit Buffing unit Hood lock CE marking Operating instructions in binder and CD format All indexable inserts for the milling units and scrapers have been replaced or rotated, saws sharpened, jointing cutters sharpened, buffing discs replaced. The machine is therefore ready for immediate use. Only the diamond cutter in the profile milling unit was not replaced, but is still sharp. Minor paint touch-ups. Approx. 3,500 operating hours. The condition of the machine speaks for itself. Occasionally, the PC restarts during operation (usually at high room temperatures), but this has not been an issue for us as work can continue during this time. Machine dimensions approx. 4800 x 1200 x 1800 mm (LxWxH) Weight approx. 1900 kg. The machine can be demonstrated on site by appointment. We only offer machines that are ready for demonstration and available in our warehouse; see 'Other offers from this seller'.

Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2014, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, PROFILATOR COMAL PRD 12 Mesin bordir otomatis untuk pemrosesan ujung pita. Digunakan untuk menyiapkan tepi pita yang selanjutnya akan digunakan untuk proses kalandring. Mesin dilengkapi serangkaian rol yang dapat melakukan profil pembentukan dingin pada pita dan pelat logam, yang kemudian dibentuk secara kontinu hingga mencapai profil atau tabung yang diinginkan. Mesin sangat jarang digunakan, berfungsi dengan baik dan dalam kondisi keseluruhan yang baik. Gkedpfx Asxdr Swodqoc Manual dan dokumentasi asli tersedia.

Kondisi: baru, SCM Olimpic 500 HT - Automatic Edge Banding Machine New machine with warranty. - Olimpic 500 - "HP T-ER2" configuration - Control console "eye-S" (control panel) - Human-Machine Interface software (HMI) "Maestro active edge" - Fine trimming and radius scraper unit, radius = 1 mm - Fine trimming and radius scraper unit, radius = 2 mm - Electronic positioning of the upper pressure beam - Spacer at the infeed fence - "SAVENERGY" kit - Interior lighting for the cabin and edging area - "Nesting" tracing rollers - Release agent spray unit "AAR" 1 - Edge finishing spray unit - Spray device for sensitive edges - Jointing unit "RT-V1" - "EASY SIZE" device - Glue application unit "VC-VM" - Ceramic lamp with infrared rays - Electronic positioning of the pressure rollers - End trimming unit "K-2 Radius" - Bevel and radius trimming unit "R-HP Multiedge 2R" - Corner rounding unit "Round 2-A Multiedge 1R" - MULTIEDGE 3 kit, automatic straight/R/R positioning, for "Round 2-A" - Radius scraper unit "RAS-HP Multiedge 2R" Godpfjwkf Ihjx Adqokc - Surface scraper "RC-N" - Buffing unit "SP-V" The machine is brand new and still in its original packaging. Promotional machine offered at a special price.

Kondisi: baru, HZ014 Catalogue number: HZ014 – Pre-milling – Corner rounding – New machine, in stock – CE certificate Gjdpfovviz Djx Adqokc – Professional quality TECHNICAL DATA Panel thickness: 8–45 mm Edge thickness: 0.4–3 mm Minimum panel width: 90 mm Minimum panel length: 170 mm Feed speed: 9 m/min Pre-milling: 12,000 rpm Front/rear milling: 12,000 rpm Top/bottom milling: 12,000 rpm Corner rounding: 12,000 rpm Polishing: 3,000 rpm Feed motor power: 1.13 kW Glue tank heating power: 1.315 kW Pre-milling motor power: 1.5 kW Pre-heating power: 0.4 kW Glue spindle power: 0.25 kW Front/rear milling motor power: 0.22 kW Top/bottom milling motor power: 2 × 0.37 kW Corner rounding motor power: 0.37 kW Polishing motor: 0.12 kW & 0.18 kW Total installed power: 6.16 kW Working table height: 960 mm Extended support width: 560 mm Extraction port: 3 x 125 mm Dimensions (L/W/H): 3731 x 720 x 1636 mm Weight: 915 kg Holzing G-MAX 480 straight-line edgebander with pre-milling, saw cutting, top/bottom milling, corner rounding, radius scraper, and polishing unit delivers high-quality finishing results on workpieces. The machine processes edge material in coils up to 3 mm thick and in strips up to 4 mm thick. The machine is also equipped with a 1.2 kg glue pot. Net price: 98,000 PLN Net price: 23,060 EUR (based on 4.25 EUR/PLN) (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)