Kondisi: bekas, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Fully Automatic Bagging System – Completely Dismantled and Ready for Collection For sale is a fully automatic bagging system, suitable for a wide range of bulk materials such as flour, pellets, and granulates. The system impresses with its high level of automation and robust, industrial-grade construction. Features and Components: - Pneumatic bagging device - Fully automatic sewing machine for sealing bags - Rollers for flattening filled bags - Roller conveyors for internal transport - Robotic arm for automatic palletizing of bags - Automatic pallet magazine - All electrical cables and control cabinets professionally dismantled The entire system has already been dismantled, neatly palletized, and is ready for immediate collection. Comprehensive electrical documentation with schematic diagrams is available. Key Features: Bdedpfx Adsyw Rffj Rea Ideal for industrial applications requiring high throughput and automated processes. All components are perfectly matched, enabling an efficient packaging and palletizing process. If you are interested or require further information, please feel free to contact us.

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2000, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Perlengkapan: Pelat tipe tersedia, Device for dispensing pastes, jams, meats, cheeses, etc., into aluminum and plastic cups, including an aluminum lid sealing machine and a date printer. Bdsdjw E H A Ajpfx Ad Roa

Tahun pembuatan: 2000, jam operasional: 80.000 h, Kondisi: bekas, nomor mesin/kendaraan: PX17, Technical Specifications & Performance DataThis Krones premix mixer is a robust processing unit designed for beverage production lines requiring reliable, high-throughput blending of syrup and water. Manufactured in 2000, it delivers industrial-grade performance and quality consistent with Krones engineering. The system is suitable for upstream integration prior to filling and carbonation stages in used bottling line environments, as well as broader industrial packaging applications.Manufacturer: KronesYear of manufacture: 2000Production capacity: up to 45,000 L/hElectrical rated voltage: 230/400 V, 3~Frequency: 50 HzRated current: 87 APermissible operating overpressure: up to 3.5 bar (vessel rating)Certification: CE marking; produced under ISO 9001 quality managementAdvanced Automation & Control SystemsThe premix system is configured for stable, repeatable mixing performance with industrial-grade electrical components. The three-phase supply of 230/400 V and 50 Hz supports reliable operation across beverage processing shifts. Safety and compliance are assured by CE marking and ISO-9001 construction. The control architecture is ready for integration with line PLC/HMI systems commonly used in beverage production.Three-phase system 3~Rated current 87 A for demanding process applicationsCE-compliant safety and quality designEngineered for consistent ratio control and process stabilityIntegration into Production LinesDesigned for in-line operation, this premix mixer integrates seamlessly with upstream syrup room equipment and downstream carbonators, filling machines, and packaging machinery. It supports used-line and retrofit projects, boosting capacity and process stability in existing beverage production layouts. The system suits PET or glass filling lines as part of a complete packaging chain from processing to filling, labeling, and sealing.Inline or standalone operation within beverage processingIdeal interface to carbonators and filling machinesSupports industrial packaging workflows for upgrades of used filling linesFlexible adaptation to PET and glass filling linesMachine Condition & Maintenance HistoryThe machine is installed under power and is available for prompt sale. It is not currently in production and will need to be disassembled for removal and relocation. Total run time is approx. 80,000 hours, typical for a well-maintained industrial processing unit of this class.Powered, not currently in productionApprox. 80,000 operating hoursAvailable for immediate sale and disassemblyOperational Performance & VersatilityEngineered for beverage production, the Krones premix mixer delivers precise blending of water and syrup for a wide product range. The vessel overpressure rating up to 3.5 bar supports stable operation in line environments feeding carbonation stages and high-speed filling operations... Bodoycvuujpfx Ad Reda

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2026, Dosage ranges: 1 ml – 38 ml 2 ml – 100 ml 5 ml – 250 ml 20 ml – 680 ml 50 ml – 1,500 ml Bottle feed via bottle sorter or stainless steel rotary table Volumetric filling Subsurface filling possible Adjustable filling nozzles Pumps and filling nozzles made of stainless steel AISI 316 L Multi-format star wheels for various bottle diameters Bsdpfowpr Tbjx Ad Reda Automatic or manual cap application Stepless adjustable screw capping torque Capping system for plastic caps and, optionally, for aluminum caps Bottle transport via slat conveyor (3,000 mm, depending on specification) Display control Optional labelling Manufactured in Rhineland-Palatinate / Germany

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2026, Dosage ranges: 1 ml - 38 ml 2 ml – 100 ml 5 ml – 250 ml 20 ml – 680 ml 50 ml – 1,500 ml Volumetric filling Subsurface filling possible Special "anti-drip" device Adjustable filling nozzle Pump and filling nozzle made of stainless steel AISI 316 L Automatic cap application Stepless torque adjustment for capping Capping system for plastic caps Bdsdpfx Aewpr Uxjd Roa Touchscreen control Suitable for products from the food, cosmetics, pet food, oil, chemical and various other industries (subject to technical assessment). Pouches are manually suspended into a special rail feed system. The machine then transports the empty pouches into the starwheel. There, the pouches are filled volumetrically, the caps are automatically applied and then automatically closed. The torque is adjustable. The machine is compact and highly versatile in use. Also available as a semi-automatic monoblock version.

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2026, Metering ranges; 1 ml - 38 ml 2 ml – 100 ml 5 ml – 250 ml 20 ml – 680 ml 50 ml – 1,500 ml Bedpfx Adewpr Ifo Reda Piston Filler Filling nozzles and pumps made of stainless steel AISI 316 Bottle feed via slat conveyor Belt length 2,000 mm, stainless steel frame 1 or 2 filling stations possible Output, depending on the product type, number of pumps, and container size, up to 1,600 bottles/hour with 2 filling stations Up to 900 bottles/hour with a single filling station Volumetric filling of products/bottles Automatic cap application Very compact dimensions (Basic version 2,000 x 750 mm) Filling quantity infinitely adjustable Very easy machine operation Possibility of integration with a labeling machine Images may show optional extras

Tahun pembuatan: 2026, Kondisi: baru, Dosage ranges: 1 ml - 38 ml 2 ml – 100 ml 5 ml – 250 ml 20 ml – 680 ml 50 ml – 1,500 ml 1 filling station Plastic bottles or glass bottles “Anti-drop” device, if possible Bdodpfewprv Njx Ad Rsa Filling nozzles and pumps made of stainless steel AISI 316 Bottle feed via slat conveyor Adjustable guides Volumetric filling of products/bottles Caps must be placed manually Filling volume continuously adjustable Very easy machine operation

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2026, Pengisi piston semi-otomatis 50ml - 1.300ml Silinder baja tahan karat Perangkat meja Unit dosing dikendalikan pneumatik/volumetrik Katup 3 jalan khusus untuk produk kental atau mengandung potongan Bodpfx Aeib A Ipod Rjda Hingga 600 unit/jam tergantung produk, volume pengisian, dan operator Volume pengisian: 0 - 38 ml, 2 – 100 ml, 20 – 680 ml, 50 – 1.300 ml

Tahun pembuatan: 2017, Kondisi: bekas, 01 Bdedeyr Ifkspfx Ad Roa

Tahun pembuatan: 2010, Kondisi: bekas, nomor mesin/kendaraan: TNK7, Technical Specifications & Performance Data This aseptic storage tank is designed for hygienic storage and buffering of sensitive liquid food products in beverage production and industrial packaging environments. Manufactured by Tetra Pak in 2010, it is ideal for used equipment operators seeking to upgrade or expand an existing filling line with reliable aseptic capacity. Two units are available, each offering significant storage volume and robust sanitary construction. Type: Aseptic storage tank for liquid food products Manufacturer: Tetra Pak Year: 2010 Bdjdpfeyhbm Tjx Ad Rja Nominal capacity (per tank): 13,000 liters Maximum product weight: Construction: High-grade stainless steel, sanitary design Valve system: Cluster valves for controlled, hygienic product flow Available quantity: 2 units (specification per tank) Application: Aseptic storage of milk, flavored milk, juices, and liquid dairy products Advanced Automation & Control Systems The tank integrates seamlessly into automated aseptic processes. Cluster valves enable precise, automated product routing with minimized risk of contamination and simplified cleaning transitions. The design supports CIP (Cleaning-In-Place), ensuring efficient sanitation cycles and reproducible hygienic performance throughout production shifts. The aseptic configuration is engineered to safeguard product integrity and maintain sterility from upstream processing through to downstream filling and packaging machines. Integration Capability with Production Lines This aseptic tank is designed to connect with UHT processing equipment, fillers, and other filling systems within used or new filling lines. It provides stable buffering between processing and filling, enhancing availability and throughput in beverage production. Sanitary connections and cluster valve manifolds streamline integration with existing pipework and control strategies, allowing easy incorporation into multi-product operations in dairy and juice applications. Machine Condition & Maintenance History These pre-owned tanks originate from a professional food and beverage environment and are offered as operational, in line with the durable sanitary construction standards set by Tetra Pak. The aseptic configuration and CIP-compatible design support ongoing sanitary maintenance programs and ensure long service life in industrial packaging settings. Performance & Versatility Optimized for liquid dairy products and juices, the tank maintains sterility to preserve product quality and shelf life prior to filling. Stainless steel construction, hygienic welds, and aseptic valves support stringent hygiene protocols. This configuration is suited to manufacturers seeking dependable storage capacity to stabilize production, minimize changeover risks, and synchronize processing rhythms with beverage filling schedules.

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2002, nomor mesin/kendaraan: M316, Technical specifications and performance data This electronic filling monobloc integrates rinsing, isobaric filling, and capping within a compact rotary platform developed by Krones. Optimized for PET bottles and carbonated water, it delivers high output with outstanding process stability and hygiene. The configuration includes an 80-valve filler, a rinser with 60 grippers, and a Zalkin capper with 15 heads, utilizing neck handling for precise container guidance. Production capacity: up to 25,000 bottles/h Current bottle format: 0.5 L Container material: PET Bdsdpfx Aoyr Hvuod Rsa Neck handling: Yes (neck transfer) Neck finish: Alaska Filling valves: 80 Capping heads: 15 (Zalkin) CO2 management: Yes (isobaric filling for carbonated products) Machine type: rotary Rotation direction: counterclockwise Pitch: 111 mm Maximum container height: 320 mm Working height: 1200 mm Manufacturer: Krones Advanced automation and control systems The monobloc features Krones HMI interfaces for simplified operation and diagnostics. Dedicated control panels labeled KFS-3 and KRS-1 offer clear process monitoring, real-time production counters, and guided functions such as production counter reset, error list management, and lamp tests. Operator interaction is streamlined by an intuitive keypad with context-sensitive help and status indicators across machine modules. Integrated Krones control panels with HMI Real-time production counter and status visualization Programmable function keys for fast operation Emergency stop switches and secured operator stations Integration capabilities for production lines Designed for industrial packaging environments, this used component of a filling line can be operated as part of a complete beverage production unit or as a standalone monobloc. Neck handling ensures stable throughput with lightweight PET formats, while the rotary architecture supports quick format changes between compatible sizes. Inline integration with upstream and downstream conveyors Suitable for PET bottle handling with neck transfer Format flexibility around 0.5 L, with potential for adjacent sizes depending on format tooling Ideal for still and carbonated water in beverage production Machine condition and maintenance history The monobloc was taken out of regular production about three months ago; no issues have been reported. It is in excellent operating condition and ready for immediate dispatch. Operating condition: fully functional Time since last production: approximately 3 months Condition: excellent; fully operational at the time of decommissioning

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2003, nomor mesin/kendaraan: M317, Technical Specifications & Performance Data This ACMA rotary filling monoblock integrates a precision filling and capping unit with an automatic cap sorter, ensuring reliable throughput in the production of liquid detergents and industrial packaging applications. As a pre-owned machine, it is ideal for existing filling lines, combining a compact footprint with robust engineering. Manufacturer: ACMA (Corniani Division) Model: RCCA-1562 Year of manufacture: 2003 Production speed: up to 105 bottles/minute (depending on format) Format output: - 0.45 L: 95–100 bottles/minute - 0.5 L: 100–105 bottles/minute Bdedpfxeyr Hu Ds Ad Rja Compatible formats: 0.45 L, 0.5 L Container handling: Designed for PET and glass bottles (appropriate change parts available) Electrical supply: 380 V, 50 Hz, 10 kW Auxiliary circuits: 24 V Pneumatic pressure: 6 bar Advanced Automation & Control Systems The monoblock features rotary motion for consistent, synchronized bottle transfer between filling and capping stations. The integrated cap sorter ensures reliable cap orientation and feeding to the capping heads, supporting continuous high-speed operation. The standard industrial control architecture allows for precise timing, gentle acceleration profiles, and consistent torque application during capping. - Automatic cap sorting and feed to the capping head - Synchronized filler-capper operation for stable, continuous flow - Industrial control logic for precise cycle timing - User-friendly interface and adjustable settings for format changes - Electrical protection and auxiliary cabinets matched to 24 V control circuits Line Integration Capabilities This filling monoblock can be seamlessly integrated into a complete used bottling line. It can be operated inline with upstream bottle handling units and downstream inspection, labeling, and end-of-line packaging systems. Changeovers between formats (0.45 L and 0.5 L) are supported with corresponding format parts. - Standalone or inline operation with conveyors - Interfaces for labeling, inspection, and end-of-line packaging systems can be easily integrated - Suitable for liquid detergents, household cleaners, and similar chemical products (configuration dependent) - Flexible container materials, depending on change parts for starwheels and guides Machine Condition & Maintenance History Offered as a pre-owned rotary filling monoblock, the unit provides defined performance for 0.45 L and 0.5 L formats. It is designed for rapid recommissioning in an industrial packaging setting, with capabilities suited for medium production speeds. Availability and readiness ensure quick integration into existing lines. Performance & Versatility With production speeds up to 105 bottles per minute, this ACMA monoblock is engineered to ensure consistent filling accuracy and secure cap application. The integrated sorter increases versatility, supporting efficient production of a variety of liquid chemical household and industrial products.

Kondisi: bekas, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, Vacuum Filler 32 posisi bekas merek Sick, mesin berfungsi penuh. Bdedpsywb U Defx Ad Rea

Kondisi: siap digunakan (bekas), Tahun pembuatan: 2012, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, jenis arus masuk: AC (pendingin udara), tegangan masuk: 400 V, tahun perombakan terakhir: 2025, frekuensi input: 50 Hz, Perlengkapan: dokumentasi / manual, Hergestellt von Eurostar Italien – einem der führenden Hersteller von Abfüllanlagen Entwickelt zum Abfüllen von Apfelwein, Bier, CSD und alkoholfreien Getränken Triblock – Spülmaschine – Füller – Verschließer 2.000 Flaschen/Stunde bei 500ml-Flaschen 3.000 Flaschen/Stunde bei 330ml-Flaschen Isobarische Gegendruckabfüllung, ausgelegt für Cider, Bier sowie andere stille und karbonisierte Getränke Doppelvakuum-Vorevakuierung mit Vakuumpumpe, für minimalen Sauerstoffeintrag und höchste Produktqualität Produktberührende Teile aus Edelstahl 316 für hervorragende Hygiene und Langlebigkeit Pneumatische Flaschenheber – generalüberholt 2025 Zweikanal-Spülmaschine mit Endausblasung – generalüberholt 2025 Kronenkorken-Verschluss (26mm Kronenkorken) Verschließer-Bypass – ermöglicht Weiterleitung zu anderen Verschließmaschinen Touchscreen-Bedienfeld für einfache Bedienung und Überwachung Bdedpfxsx A U Urj Ad Rsa Siemens SPS-System für präzise Prozessautomatisierung und Flexibilität Drehzahlregelung über Frequenzumrichter CIP-Becher, Reinigungsflüssigkeit kann zurückgeführt werden Wechselteile für 250ml-, 330ml-, 500ml- und 750ml-Glasflaschen inklusive Schwerlast-Edelstahlrahmen CE-konforme Sicherheitseinrichtungen Alle Handbücher enthalten Ersatzteilpaket Zusätzliche Füllrohre – neu zur Anpassung an verschiedene Füllhöhen Ersatzdichtungen für Füllventile usw. Verladung auf Transportfahrzeug des Käufers möglich

Kondisi: baru, Tahun pembuatan: 2025, Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, lebar total: 913 mm, panjang total: 634 mm, tinggi total: 1.700 mm, masa garansi: 12 bulan, sambungan udara terkompresi: 6 batang, berat keseluruhan: 200 kg, daya: 1,9 kW (2,58 hp), tegangan masuk: 230 V, Mesin pengisi tabung semi-otomatis. Efisiensi hingga 13 tabung per menit. Dosis dari 5ml hingga 270ml Diameter tabung dari 19mm hingga 50mm Tinggi tabung dari 70 hingga 210mm Dibuat di Polandia Bedpoxx Uihjfx Ad Rjda Mesin tersedia untuk dilihat dan diuji di lokasi perusahaan. Jedliński Packaging sp. z o.o. ul. Wodna 3 05-090, Raszyn Polandia

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 1999, nomor mesin/kendaraan: M271, Used Filler Monoblock FIMER 20/20/3/3 – up to 4,500 Bottles per Hour This filler monoblock is designed for the efficient processing of still liquids such as water and wine. Manufactured by FIMER in 1999, the machine offers a capacity of up to 4,500 bottles per hour (BPH) for 0.75-liter glass bottles. Currently, the unit is in stock and immediately ready for operation. Bjdpjvgvd Hefx Ad Rsda Design and Rotary Mechanism of the Monoblock The machine operates with a clockwise rotation, ensuring the containers are moved smoothly and continuously through each processing station. This synchronized rotary motion optimizes the rinsing, filling, and capping operations, maximizing productivity and minimizing interruptions in the bottling process. As a result, the entire workflow remains highly efficient. Technical Data and Electrical Specifications The used filler monoblock FIMER 20/20/3/3 runs on a 380 V power supply, with a power rating of 6.5 kW and a frequency of 50 Hz. These technical specifications are in line with standard industrial requirements, guaranteeing stable and strong power delivery throughout every stage of the filling process. Rinsing Station Equipped with 20 grippers in the rinsing station, the machine cleans each bottle with a single rinse cycle prior to filling. This efficient rinsing method removes residues and prepares the bottles thoroughly for the filling process. Filling Station of the Used Filler Monoblock FIMER 20/20/3/3 – up to 4,500 BPH The filling station utilizes 20 fixed valves, employing either gravity or light vacuum filling systems. This ensures uniform filling levels in every bottle, maintaining a high throughput of up to 4,500 BPH. This method is especially well-suited for still products such as water and wine, preserving their properties and preventing turbulence. Capping Station The capping station features three heads for aluminum screw caps and three heads for straight corks, enabling the machine to handle various cap types, including 31×18 mm closures. This versatility ensures that containers are securely and tightly sealed after filling.

Tahun pembuatan: 2021, jam operasional: 2.000 h, Kondisi: sangat baik (bekas), Fungsionalitas: berfungsi sepenuhnya, CODI DPL - 250 Depalletiser Lowerator Filler dan Seamer Tekanan Balik 6 Kepala Bdedpfx Asxtavvod Roa Doser Nitrogen Disetel untuk kaleng 250 ml, termasuk suku cadang pengganti Sekarang sudah dibongkar, siap untuk pengiriman

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2016, nomor mesin/kendaraan: PR01117250929, Berat: 750 kg, ukuran meja: 100x200 cm, dengan unit kontrol, terpasang di lemari, dapat digerakkan, dinding pemisah kayu, 1 alas kerja, selang hingga ke keran bola Bsdsyn Nivjpfx Ad Rjda

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2020, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 701644, Perjalanan sumbu (X/Y/Z): sekitar 2.000 x 1.000 x 150 mm, area meja penjepit (X/Y): sekitar 2.100 x 1.050 mm, dengan kontrol HEIDENHAIN TNC620 touch, 1 unit pendingin, 1 alas kerja, selang hingga keran bola (pengambilan sesuai kesepakatan, hingga akhir Maret) Bedpfx Asyn Nipjd Rjda

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2019, anschluss_201906192021 Bdodjypwd Dopfx Ad Roa

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2019, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 2109, Panjang pisau: 2400 mm, panjang kawat: 6580 mm Bdjdpjyn Nmnefx Ad Rsa

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2021, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 2647, Panjang pisau: 9280 mm Bdedpfx Adoyn Nmhe Rea

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2020, nomor mesin/kendaraan: 2643, Panjang pisau: 9600 mm Bedpfxoyn Nmuo Ad Roda

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2008, nomor mesin/kendaraan: AT88, Used Tetra Pak Sterilizer + Homogenizer 12,000 l/h The used Tetra Pak Sterilizer + Homogenizer 12,000 l/h is designed for processing liquid food products via thermal treatment and homogenization, ensuring high safety and quality standards in industrial production. As it combines a UHT sterilization system with a high-pressure homogenizer, it provides optimal processing for various food and beverage applications. Additionally, the design allows for easy integration into existing production lines, making it a practical choice for manufacturers. General Features This system operates at a capacity of 12,000 liters per hour (l/h), delivering both high performance and consistent results when it comes to thermal treatment and particle size reduction. Tetra Pak, a leading brand in food processing technology, manufactured this unit in 2008, ensuring a balance between proven reliability and advanced engineering. The robust construction of the system further ensures long-term durability and reduces the need for frequent maintenance. Tetra Pak UHT Sterilizer The UHT sterilization unit applies high temperatures to ensure the microbiological stability of liquid products. Thanks to a controlled heating system, it maintains the sterilization temperature between 95°C and 138°C, depending on production requirements. Operators can also set the holding time on multiple levels, choosing between 5, 10, or 15 seconds for initial phases and 30, 45, or 60 seconds for advanced phases, allowing for precise control over the thermal treatment. To optimize heat exchange, the system regulates the hot water flow between 10,500 and 32,000 l/h, thereby ensuring uniform sterilization. As a result, the unit maintains an outlet temperature between 85°C and 95°C, which allows for controlled cooling ahead of further processing steps. Another key advantage is that the design enables seamless integration with homogenization systems, CIP units (clean-in-place), and aseptic packaging lines. Consequently, manufacturers can streamline their production process while maintaining hygiene and quality standards. Tetra Pak Alex 30 Homogenizer The Tetra Pak Alex 30 Homogenizer operates at pressures up to 250 bar and effectively reduces particle size while improving product stability. Capable of processing between 6,000 and 14,000 l/h, it is ideal for enhancing the consistency and quality of UHT-treated liquid products. Bodpfx Adev Di Ite Reda The system is equipped with cone valves and pistons made of stainless steel or solid ceramic, ensuring durability and wear resistance. Profiled and V-shaped seals are also included, providing effective sealing and reducing maintenance requirements. The homogenization process takes place in two stages to guarantee maximum efficiency. The first stage applies 42% of the pressure, while the second stage handles the remaining 58%, both electronically controlled via VDC signals for optimal precision. This ensures the machine consistently delivers high-quality results. Additionally, an ABB ... drives ...

Kondisi: bekas, Tahun pembuatan: 2007, Romaco Unipac U2080 adalah mesin pengisi dan penutup tube serbaguna berperforma tinggi yang dirancang untuk produk farmasi, kosmetik, dan bahan kimia. Dengan kecepatan mekanis hingga 80 tube per menit, mesin ini memiliki 9 stasiun kerja dan mampu menangani diameter tube 10–50 mm serta panjang 60–220 mm, memberikan pengisian yang fleksibel dan presisi. Fitur Utama dan Spesifikasi Teknis: Tipe Mesin: Mesin otomatis pengisi dan penutup tube. Kapasitas: Hingga 80 tube per menit (kecepatan mekanis). Jumlah Stasiun Kerja: 9. Dimensi Tube: Diameter: 10 – 50 mm. Bedpfxsyvuhno Ad Reda Panjang: 60 – 220 mm. Aplikasi: Cocok untuk cairan, krim, dan gel dalam aplikasi farmasi dan kosmetik, menurut Makinate dan MLTC-Europe.